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What are the Health Effects of Energy Drinks?

AHA Publisher — Mon, 29 Nov 2021 08:00:57 +0000

Dr. Nicola Williams, Ph.D. via News-Medical – Concerns about the negative impact of energy drinks (ED’s) have arisen in recent years both in the scientific community and among the public. The risks posed to health by the consumption of ED’s are primarily related to their high caffeine content. ED’s have proven to be especially popular amongst children, adolescents, and young adults and aggressive marketing has led to an exponential growth in sales. This article takes a closer look at ED’s and their potentially harmful effects. What Are Energy Drinks? There is no standard definition for “energy drinks” or ED’s for short. But they are characterized as highly sweetened, caffeinated, and non-alcoholic. These beverages are stimulating in effect, given they contain very high levels of caffeine ––which can typically be around 80mg per serving. ED’s are not only made to taste good, but they are well-known to enhance energy levels, physical alertness, and performance. They also pose the risk of caffeine intoxication. Besides caffeine, ED’s typically comprise the highly active ingredients of taurine, guarana, ginseng, L-carnitine and glucuronolactone, and sweeteners. These act as stimulants. They also function as a mood elevator when mixed with alcohol. The demand for and consumption of ED’s has markedly increased in recent years and has resulted in a multi-million-dollar international market. The most popular brands are Red Bull, Monster, Rockstar, and 5-hour energy drink, though there are around 300 varieties of ED on the international market. Who Consumes ED’s? The target market for energy drinks is people of all ages, excluding those under the age of 16, for example, in the UK. The drinks have been promoted on the health market and have been aimed at specific groups such as athletes and college or university students. Even so, the drinks do not provide sufficient levels of rehydration or restoration of electrolytes in relation to sporting activity, though they do enhance energy. In this, they are a class apart from sports drinks, though the two are frequently confused with one another. For university students, the appeal of these drinks is to improve performance, concentration, and endurance. They are frequently used to prohibit sleep during periods of intense study, for example in preparation for tests and examinations. This relatively new kind of beverage was first launched in Japan in 1960, introduced into Europe in 1987, and in the USA in 1997. ED’s have proven popular in the Indian market where they are sold as energy shots and dietary supplements as well as in their standard drink form. ED’s have become increasingly popular amongst adolescents, in part a result of youth-targeted marketing. Advertising campaigns include the sponsorship of events that appeal to this age group (e.g., snowboarding) and product placement in video games and social media. Components of Energy Drinks ––What Are They? Caffeine ––an alkaloid as well as being a stimulant provides a pleasant taste Taurine ––stimulates the central nervous system Guarana ––a South African herb contains theobromine, theophylline, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and boasts twice the concentration of caffeine in comparison to coffee beans. It’s used for enhancing energy levels and it causes an increase in mood-enhancing neurotransmitters such as dopamine Ginseng enhances memory L-carnitine is sometimes also used to increase energy and to speed up the metabolic rate Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring metabolite made from glucose and is sometimes added to alleviate fatigue and promote well-being Sugar or sweeteners, such as aspartame and acesulfame potassium Health Hazards The ingestion of ED’s over time can lead to negative effects, for example, behavioral changes. Certain ingredients should only be ingested in moderation. For example, caffeine and ginseng. The high amount of caffeine in ED’s has a diuretic effect on the body leading to the loss of fluid in the form of urine. Caffeine intoxication causes nausea, vomiting, heart palpitations, elevated blood pressure, convulsions, and psychosis which in some circumstances can prove lethal. Ginseng or Panax Ginseng, (also sometimes used), when consumed excessively can lead to vaginal bleeding, diarrhea, severe headache, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) ––a rare and serious disorder of the skin and mucous membranes. Internationally, regulatory bodies have imposed policies regarding the composition, labeling, distribution, and sale of ED’s. The appeal ED’s for young people and adolescents has been of particular concern. So far little research has been done on the associations between ED consumption and the initiation of other drug use ––for example, tobacco and alcohol. In 2019 the UK government, for example, came under pressure to ban the sale of ED’s to children, leading to major supermarkets calling time on selling ED’s to those under the age of 16. The drinks contain an advisory note stating that they are ‘not recommended for children.’ The market varies, with other countries deeming the drinks to be unsuitable to those under 18, for example in Latvia and Lithuania. In terms of regular caffeine consumption, The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) gives a safety level of 3 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of body weight per day for children and adolescents. But the average ED comes in a 250 ml can and, with around 80mg of caffeine per serving, easily contains the equivalent caffeine content of three cans of cola or a strongly brewed cup of coffee. On top of this, non-diet versions also contain more than twice the sugar and calories of the average soft drink. Numerous case studies are confirming the adverse health effects posed by ED’s including actual recorded instances of lethality. More research is yet needed into ED’s, the worrying uptake by young people, and the public health risks they essentially pose. References: Arthur, R. (2019). UK ban’s sale of energy drinks to U16s [Online] Beverage Daily.com. Available at: https://www.beveragedaily.com/Article/2019/07/23/UK-government-bans-sale-of-energy-drinks-to-U16s Breda, J. et al. (2014) Energy drink consumption in Europe: a review of the risks, adverse health effects, and policy options to respond. Frontiers in Public Health.DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00134 Kaur, J. et al. (2019) Energy drinks: health effects and consumer safety. Nutrition and Food Science. DOI: 10.1108/NFS-11-2018-0331 Galimov, A. (2020) Association of energy drink consumption with substance-use initiation among adolescents: A 12-month longitudinal study. Journal of Psychopharmacology. DOI: 10.1177/0269881119895545 To read the original article click here.

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Regular Consumption of Sardines Helps Prevent the Onset of Type 2 Diabetes

AHA Publisher — Wed, 12 May 2021 07:00:24 +0000

Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC) via News-Medical – The health benefits of sardines and oily fish are widely known: their high levels of unsaturated fats help to regulate cholesterol levels and prevent the onset of cardiovascular diseases. However, the benefits don’t end there. A study led by Diana Diaz Rizzolo, lecturer and researcher of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya’s (UOC) Faculty of Health Sciences and the August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), has discovered that the regular consumption of sardines helps to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. Nutrients found in high quantities in sardines – such as taurine, omega 3, calcium and vitamin D – help to protect against this disease which, according to CIBERDEM’s Di@betes study, affects around 14% of the Spanish population over the age of 18. Not only are sardines reasonably priced and easy to find, but they are safe and help to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. This is a huge scientific discovery. It is easy to recommend this food during medical check-ups, and it is widely accepted by the population.” Diana Diaz Rizzolo, Lecturer and Researcher, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya’s (UOC) Faculty of Health Sciences Researchers from the Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory and the Primary Care Research Group, both from IDIBAPS; the IMIM, the Fatty Acid Research Institute (EUA), the Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERDEM and the Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition of the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona also participated in the research project. The results of the study were published openly in the prestigious Clinical Nutrition journal. Two Cans of Sardines a Week The study enrolled 152 patients aged 65 years and older who had been diagnosed with prediabetes (blood glucose levels between 100-124 mg/dl) from three different Primary Care centres. All of these patients were put on a nutritional programme that sought to reduce the risk of them developing the disease, but only the intervention group added 200 grams of sardines to their diet every week (two cans of sardines in olive oil). To facilitate this consumption, and with thanks to the Alicia Foundation, these study participants received a list of recipes including canned sardines. Participants were advised to eat the sardine whole, without removing the bones, as these are particularly rich in calcium and vitamin D. Of the group that did not include sardines in their diet, 27% of the members were at a high risk of suffering from diabetes (measured via the FINDRISC questionnaire). After one year, 22% found themselves in the same category. Of the group that included sardines in their diet, 37% of the members were at a high risk of suffering from diabetes at the start of the study. After one year, only 8% remained at a very high risk. Improvements were also seen in other important biochemical parameters, such as a reduced insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), increased “good” cholesterol (HDL), increased hormones that accelerate the breakdown of glucose (adiponectin) and decreased triglycerides and blood pressure, amongst others. The study was carried out on participants aged 65 and above because the incidence of diabetes is much higher in elderly people than in the young population: “As we get older, restrictive diets (in terms of calories or food groups) can help to prevent the onset of diabetes. However, the cost-benefit ratio is not always positive, as we found in other studies”, stated doctor Rizzolo. “However, the results lead us to believe that we could obtain an equally significant preventive effect in the younger population.” The Protective Role of Food, But Not of Supplements The fact that foods such as sardines – which are rich in taurine, omega 3, calcium and vitamin D – have a clear protective effect against the onset of diabetes does not mean that taking these supplements in isolation will have the same effect. “Nutrients can play an essential role in the prevention and treatment of many different pathologies, but their effect is usually caused by the synergy that exists between them and the food that they are contained in. Sardines will therefore have a protective element because they are rich in the aforementioned nutrients, whereas nutrients taken in isolation in the form of supplements won’t work to the same extent”, claimed Rizzolo. Researchers have begun studying the effect of sardines on the intestinal microbiota in a second phase of the study, “since it affects the regulation of many biological process, and we need to understand if they have played a part in this protective effect against diabetes 2”, she added. They have also initiated studies on the modulation of the expression of certain genes related to inflammation, which could play a role in the onset of diabetes 2 and various other diseases. This research project falls under Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 3: ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. To read the original article click here.

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