Obesity Archives - Amazing Health Advances

An Ideal BMI

The AHA! Team — Fri, 18 Jul 2025 05:15:35 +0000

Michael Greger M.D. FACLM via Nutrition Facts – Is there a unisex chart for optimal weight based on height? We seem to have become inured to the mortal threat of obesity. If you go back in the medical literature almost a quarter of a century ago when obesity wasn’t run-of-the-mill, the descriptions are much grimmer: “Obesity is always tragic, and its hazards are terrifying.” Not just obesity, though. Of the four million deaths attributed to excess body fat each year, nearly 40 percent of the victims are overweight, not obese. According to two famous Harvard studies, weight gain of as little as 11 pounds (5 kg) from early adulthood through middle age increases the risk of major chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The flip side, though, is that even modest weight loss can have major health benefits. What is the optimal body mass index, commonly known as BMI? The largest studies in the United States and around the world found that having a BMI of 20 to 25 is associated with the longest lifespan. Put all the best available studies with the longest follow-up together, and that can be narrowed down even further to a BMI of 20 to 22. That would be about 124 to 136 pounds (56 to 62 kg) for someone who’s five-foot-six (168 cm), as you can see below and at 1:22 in my video What’s the Ideal BMI?. Even within a “normal” BMI range, the risk of developing chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and several types of cancer, starts to rise towards the upper end—starting as low as a BMI of 21. BMIs of 18.5 and 24.5 are both considered to be within the “normal” range, but a BMI of 24.5 may be associated with twice the risk of heart disease compared to a BMI of 18.5. Below and at 2:05 in my video is a graph of diabetes risk and BMI among women. There is a fivefold difference in diabetes rates within the so-called ideal range with a BMI under 25. Just as there are gradations of risk within a normal BMI range, there is a spectrum within obesity. Class III obesity (BMI over 40) can be associated with the loss of a decade or more of life. At a BMI above 45, for example, a person standing at 5’6″ (168 cm) and weighing 280 pounds (127 kg), life expectancy may shrink to that of a cigarette smoker. Skeptics have argued However, “skeptics have argued that the consequences of rising obesity levels have either been greatly exaggerated or are unclear.” A “motley crew,” “obesity skeptics are made up of a kaleidoscope of interest groups…includ[ing] feminists, queer theorists, libertarians, far right-wing conspiracy types and new ageists.” It “has also been popular on far right-wing, pro-gun, pro-America websites where the idea that obesity alarmists are nanny-state communists who simply want to stop us from having fun plays well….” Less treatment of the problem Unlike activists who organized to raise consciousness and stamp out the AIDS epidemic, for example, some in the size acceptance movement appear to have the opposite goal and “have called for less public awareness and intervention regarding obesity,” less treatment of the problem. I’m all for fighting size stigma and discrimination—I have a whole section on weight stigma in my book How Not to Diet—but the adverse health consequences of obesity are an established scientific fact. Can’t you be fat but fit? In a study of more than 600 centenarians, only about 1 percent of the women and not a single one of the men were obese. There does appear to be a rare subgroup of individuals who are obese and do not suffer the typical metabolic costs, such as high blood pressure and cholesterol. This raises the possibility that there may be such a thing as “benign obesity” or “metabolically healthy obesity.” It may just be a matter of time, though, before the risk factors develop. Even if they don’t, though, when followed long enough, even “metabolically healthy obese adults” are at increased risk of diabetes, as well as increased risk of fatty liver disease. They are also at greater risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks, and/or premature death, as shown below and at 4:20. Bottom line? There is “strong evidence that ‘healthy obesity’ is a myth.” Many “fat activists” try to downplay the risks of obesity, even as they may be among “the greatest victims” of the epidemic. “Leading fat acceptance activist Lynn McAfee, who is director of medical advocacy for the Council on Size and Weight Discrimination and takes part in obesity conferences and government panels on obesity,” is quoted as saying, “‘I’m not actually particularly that interested in [health] and God I hate science….” If you missed the previous blog posts in this series on obesity, see related posts below. The final video in this series is What’s the Ideal Waist Size?. Key Takeaways Nearly 40 percent of the four million deaths linked to excess body fat annually are among people who are overweight, not just obese, showing the widespread health risks. Even small reductions in body weight can significantly improve health outcomes, reducing the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. The optimal BMI for longevity is between 20 and 22, with risks for diseases increasing even within the “normal” BMI range, especially towards the upper end. Some groups, including far-right and size acceptance activists, downplay or deny the health risks of obesity, despite overwhelming scientific evidence linking it to serious health issues. Although some individuals may appear metabolically healthy while obese, long-term studies show that they still face heightened risks of conditions like diabetes, fatty liver disease, and heart attacks, debunking the idea of “healthy obesity.” To read the original article click here.

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Exploring the Obesity Paradox

The AHA! Team — Fri, 11 Jul 2025 05:24:39 +0000

Michael Greger M.D. FACLM via Nutrition Facts – How do we explain studies that suggest overweight individuals live longer? Martin Luther King Jr. warned that human progress is neither automatic nor inevitable, and the same may be true of the human lifespan. In the 1800s, life expectancy was less than 40 years, but it has been “advancing steadily” over the last two centuries, “increasing at approximately 2 years per decade”—until recently. Longevity gains appear “to be faltering or even being reversed.” Thanks to the obesity epidemic, we may now be raising the first generation to live shorter lives than their parents. A downward trend in longevity “This downward trend in longevity will almost certainly accelerate as the current generation of children—with higher body weights from earlier in life than ever before—reaches adulthood.” Current trends “potentially signal a looming social and economic catastrophe” if the obesity epidemic continues unchecked. In the coming decades, some predict we may lose two to five years or more of life expectancy in the United States. To put that into perspective, a miracle cure for all forms of cancer would only add three and a half years to the average U.S. life expectancy. In other words, reversing the obesity epidemic might save more lives than curing cancer. The evidence that being overweight increases our risk for debilitating diseases like diabetes is considered “indisputable.” However, surprisingly, there is controversy surrounding body weight and overall mortality. In 2013, scientists with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a meta-analysis in the Journal of the American Medical Association suggesting that being overweight was advantageous. Grades 2 and 3 obesity, such as being an average height of 5’6″ and weighing about 216 pounds (98 kg) or more, were associated with living a shorter life, but grade 1 obesity, weighing about 185 to 215 pounds (84 to 97 kg) at that height, was not. Being overweight (about 155 to 185 pounds/70 to 83 kg at 5’6″) appeared to be protective compared to those who were a “normal weight” of 115 to 155 pounds (52 to 69 kg). The overweight individuals, those with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 30, appeared to live the longest. Headline writers were giddy. “Being overweight can extend your life rather than shorten it,” read one. “Dreading your diet? Don’t worry—plump people live LONGER than their skinnier counterparts…” read another. “Extra pounds mean a lower chance of death.” Not surprisingly, the study ignited a firestorm of controversy in the public health community. The study was called “ludicrous,” “flawed,” and “misleading.” The chair of nutrition at Harvard lost his cool, calling the study “really a pile of rubbish” and fearing the food industry might exploit the study in the same way the petroleum industry misuses “controversy” over climate change. Public health advocates can’t just dismiss data they find inconvenient, though. Science is science. But how could being overweight increase the risk of life-threatening diseases, yet, at the same time, make you live longer? This became known as “The Obesity Paradox,” the subject of my video Is the Obesity Paradox Real or a Myth?. The solution to the puzzle appears to lie with two major sources of bias, the first being “confounding by smoking.” The nicotine in tobacco can lead to weight loss. So, if you’re skinnier because you smoke, then no wonder you’d live a shorter life, albeit with a slimmer waist. The failure to control for the effect of smoking in studies purporting to show an “obesity paradox” leads to the dangers of obesity being “grossly underestimated.” The second major source of bias is reverse causality. Instead of lower weight leading to life-threatening diseases, isn’t it more likely that life-threatening diseases lead to lower weight? Conditions such as hidden tumors, chronic heart or lung disease, alcoholism, and depression can all cause unintentional weight loss for months or even years before they are even diagnosed. It’s normal to be overweight in the United States, for example. So, people who are “abnormally” thin—in other words, at an ideal weight—may be taking care of themselves, but they may instead be “heavy smokers, frail and elderly, and seriously ill with weight loss due to their disease…” To put the obesity paradox to the test once and for all, The Global BMI Mortality Collaboration was formed, reviewing data from more than 10 million people from hundreds of studies in dozens of countries—the largest evaluation of BMI and mortality in history. To help eliminate bias, the researchers omitted smokers and those with known chronic disease, then excluded the first five years of follow-up to try to remove from the analysis those with undiagnosed conditions who lost weight due to an impending death. And? The results were clear: “This analysis has shown that both overweight and obesity (all grades) were associated with increased all-cause mortality”—a greater risk of dying prematurely. So, “adjusting for these biases leads to eliminating the obesity paradox.” In other words, the so-called obesity paradox appears to be “just a myth.” Indeed, when intentional weight loss is put to the test, people live longer. There are bariatric surgery studies like the SOS trial that show that weight loss reduces long-term mortality, and randomizing study participants to weight loss through lifestyle changes shows the same thing. Losing a dozen pounds through diet and exercise was found to be associated with a 15 percent drop in overall mortality. Now, exercise alone may extend lifespan even without weight loss, but there appears to be a similar longevity benefit of weight loss through dietary means alone. If you missed the previous blog posts in my series on the ABCs of obesity, see: The Best Knee Replacement Alternative for Osteoarthritis Treatment The Effects of Obesity on Back Pain, Blood Pressure, Cancer, and Diabetes The Effects of Obesity on Dementia, Brain Function, and Fertility The Effects of Obesity on Gallstones, Acid Reflux, and Cardiovascular Disease The Effects of Obesity on the Immune System and Kidney and Liver Diseases Check out the final two videos in this series: What’s the Ideal BMI? and What’s the Ideal Waist Size?. I cover all of this and more at length in my book How Not to Diet, and its companion, The How Not to Diet Cookbook, has more than 100 delicious Green-Light recipes that incorporate some of my 21 Tweaks for the acceleration of body fat loss. Why are people obese in the first place? I have a whole series of videos on that topic. Check the videos in the related posts. Key Takeaways Rising obesity rates may lead to shorter life expectancy for future generations, reversing centuries of progress in longevity. Studies suggesting that being overweight might extend life were biased due to confounding factors like smoking and reverse causality (diseases causing weight loss), and later analysis disproved the so-called obesity paradox. A large-scale review showed that both overweight and obesity are linked to a higher risk of premature death, contradicting earlier claims of protective benefits from being overweight. Intentional weight loss, whether through lifestyle changes or bariatric surgery, is associated with lower mortality rates and improved long-term health outcomes. Tackling obesity may have a greater impact on life expectancy than even a hypothetical cure for all cancers, highlighting obesity’s significant health risks. To read the original article click here.

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Obesity’s Impacts on Our Immune System & Kidney & Liver Diseases

The AHA! Team — Wed, 18 Jun 2025 05:24:00 +0000

Michael Greger M.D. FACLM via Nutrition Facts – What are the effects of weight loss on natural killer cell function, our first line of immune defense against cancer, kidney function, and fatty liver disease? In the ABCs of the health consequences of obesity, I is for Immunity. The SOS trial followed the fates of thousands of bariatric surgery patients for a decade or two, compared to a control group who maintained their weight. Those who surgically lost about 20 percent of their body weight not only lived longer, thanks in part to less diabetes and less cardiovascular disease, but they also got less cancer. This may be because anti-tumor immunity appears to be affected by weight. Natural killer cells are our immune system’s first line of defense against cancer cells and many viral infections, “and their function is severely impaired in individuals with obesity.” When individuals who were obese were randomized to a weight-loss program, researchers found a significant reactivation of the participants’ natural killer cell function within just three months. The program involved an exercise component, though, so it’s hard to tease out the impact of the weight loss itself since physical activity on its own can boost natural killer cell activity. On the other end of the immune spectrum, obesity is suspected to be a causal risk factor for the development of the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis. This suggests obesity is associated with the worst of both worlds when it comes to immune function: underactivity when it comes to protecting against cancer and infection, and overactivity when it comes to certain inflammatory autoimmune conditions. J is for Jaundice. Thanks to the obesity epidemic, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is now the most common liver disorder in the industrialized world. Fat doesn’t just end up in our belly and thighs but inside some of our internal organs. More than 80 percent of individuals with abdominal obesity may have fatty infiltration into their liver, and in those with severe obesity, the prevalence can exceed 90 percent. This can lead to inflammation, scarring, and, ultimately, cirrhosis and liver cancer, as you can see below and a 2:10 in my video The Effects of Obesity on the Immune System and Kidney and Liver Diseases. Currently, this nonalcoholic fatty hepatitis is the leading cause of liver transplants in American women. K is for Kidneys. Obesity is also “one of the strongest risk factors for new-onset chronic kidney disease.” Our kidneys compensate for the metabolic demands of excess weight by red-lining into what’s called “hyperfiltration” to deal with the extra workload. This resulting increased pressure within our kidneys can damage the sensitive structures and increase the risk of kidney failure over the long term. What about L, M, N, O, P through Z? If you want to continue through the alphabet, L could be for diminished lung function, M could be for metabolic syndrome, and so on. There is even an X—for xiphodynia—pain at the tip of the bottom of the breastbone from being bent forward by an expanding abdomen. Given the myriad health conditions associated with excess weight, “annual medical spending attributable to an obese individual” is nearly $2,000 per year and workers who are obese with multiple conditions can cost companies up to $10,000 more in healthcare coverage compared to “their lean counterpart.” Wage Gap This may account for some of the wage gap that employees who are obese may experience, as companies try to pass along these costs of “their higher health insurance premiums,” beyond just brazen discrimination. Between healthcare costs and diminished productivity in terms of lost workdays, the total lifetime costs of obesity for children and teens have been estimated to exceed $150,000. Estimates Some estimates peg the annual “medical care costs of obesity in the United States” at about $150 billion, with another $50 billion per year added by 2030 as our increasingly heavy Baby Boomers continue to age. Others diametrically disagree, based on the morbid fact that individuals who are obese may not live as long. Just as “the high medical costs of smoking-related diseases are more than offset by lower survival of smokers,” the lifetime healthcare costs of individuals who are obese may turn out to be lower because they are expected to die so much sooner. So, the true cost may be more in lives, rather than dollars. How much does being overweight cut your life short? I’ll explore just that question next. If you missed the previous blog posts in my series on the ABCs of obesity, see related posts below. I continue the topic of obesity and weight with these videos: Is the Obesity Paradox Real or a Myth? and Friday Favorites: What’s the Ideal BMI and Waist Size?. For more on the health conditions discussed in this video, see the immune function, kidney disease, and liver health topic pages. Key Takeaways In the SOS trial, individuals who lost 20 percent of their body weight through surgery lived longer and had lower rates of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, possibly due to improved immune function. Obesity impairs natural killer cells, weakening the body’s defense against cancer and infections, while also increasing the risk of autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis. Obesity is a major cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which can lead to liver inflammation, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, now the leading cause of liver transplants in U.S. women. Excess weight places metabolic stress on the kidneys, leading to hyperfiltration and increasing the risk of chronic kidney disease and eventual kidney failure. Obesity-related health conditions contribute to higher medical costs, lost productivity, and a lifetime financial burden, with annual obesity-related medical costs in the United States, for instance, estimated at $150 billion. To read the original article click here.

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Obesity’s Impact on Back Pain, Blood Pressure, Cancer, & Diabetes

The AHA! Team — Wed, 04 Jun 2025 05:26:48 +0000

Michael Greger M.D. FACLM via Nutrition Facts – Losing weight can reduce sciatica, hypertension, and cancer risk, as well as reverse type 2 diabetes. A is for Arthritis In the ABCs of the health consequences of obesity, A is for Arthritis, as I discussed in my previous blog post, and B is for Back Pain. Being overweight is not just a risk factor for low back pain, but it is also a risk factor for sciatica (a radiating nerve pain), as well as degenerating lumbar discs and disc herniation. Similar to what we learned in the arthritis story, this may also be due to a combination of the excess weight, high cholesterol, and inflammation associated with being overweight. Why cholesterol? Studies of autopsies and angiographies show that the lumbar arteries that feed our spine can get clogged with atherosclerosis and starve the disks in our lower back, as you can see below and at 0:47 in my video The Effects of Obesity on Back Pain, Blood Pressure, Cancer, and Diabetes. B is also for Blood Pressure. Excess visceral fat—for example, internal abdominal fat—can physically compress our kidneys. The increased pressure can effectively squeeze sodium back into our bloodstream, increasing our blood pressure. Together, the combination of obesity and hypertension can have “disastrous health implications,” but the good news is that just a few pounds of weight loss can help take off the pressure. Losing excess weight has been described as “a vital strategy for controlling hypertension.” In fact, researchers found that losing around nine pounds (4 kg) may lower blood pressure about as much as cutting salt intake approximately in half can. C is for Cancer. As many as three-quarters of people surveyed “were unaware that being overweight or obese increased a person’s risk of cancer,” when, in fact, based on a comprehensive review of more than a thousand studies, excess body fat raises the risk of most cancers, including esophageal, stomach, colorectal, liver, gallbladder, pancreatic, breast, uterine, ovarian, kidney, brain, thyroid, and bone marrow (multiple myeloma) cancers, as you can see below and at 2:00 in my video. It could be the chronic inflammation of obesity or perhaps it is the high insulin levels due to insulin resistance. (Besides controlling blood sugars, insulin is also “a potent growth factor” that can promote tumor growth.) In women, it could also be the excess estrogen. After the ovaries shut down at menopause, fat takes over as the principal site of estrogen production. That’s why women who are obese have up to nearly twice the estrogen levels circulating in their bloodstream, which is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer and dying from it. The data on prostate cancer aren’t as strong, though obesity is associated with increased risk of invasive penis cancer. Cause-and-Effect One of the reasons we’re confident the link between obesity and cancer is cause-and-effect—and not just an indirect consequence of eating poorly—is that the overall risk of cancer goes down when people lose weight, even through bariatric surgery. Researchers found that those experiencing a sustained weight loss of about 40 pounds (19.9 kg) after surgery went on to develop around one-third fewer cancers over the subsequent decade, compared with matched individuals in the nonsurgical control group who continued to slowly gain weight over time. The exception, though, is colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer “Colorectal cancer is the only known malignancy where the risk of being diagnosed with disease seems to increase after obesity surgery.” Indeed, after bariatric surgery, the rate of rectal cancer death may triple. The rearrangement of anatomy involved in one of the most common surgeries—Roux-en-Y gastric bypass—is thought to increase bile acid exposure along the intestinal lining. This causes sustained pro-inflammatory changes even years after the procedure, which is thought responsible for the increased cancer risk. In contrast, losing weight by dietary means has the potential to decrease obesity-related cancer risk across the board. D is for Diabetes. As presented in a consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation, obesity is considered the single most important risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes, which is the leading cause of kidney failure, lower-limb amputations, and adult-onset blindness. Ironically, many of the leading drugs used to treat diabetes (including insulin itself) cause further weight gain, creating a vicious cycle. So, again, using lifestyle medicine to treat the underlying cause is not only safer, simpler, and cheaper, but can also be most effective. If you missed my previous video, check out The Best Knee Replacement Alternative for Osteoarthritis Treatment. Coming up next? See related posts below. I continue the topic of weight control with these videos that may be of interest to you: Is the Obesity Paradox Real or a Myth? and Friday Favorites: What’s the Ideal BMI and Waist Size?. For more on back pain, blood pressure, cancer, and diabetes, check out their topic pages. Key Takeaways Obesity increases the risk of low back pain, sciatica, and lumbar disc degeneration due to excess weight, high cholesterol, and inflammation, which may restrict blood flow to the spine, and the loss of even a few pounds, can help reduce blood pressure and prevent related health complications. Obesity raises the risk of many cancers, including breast, liver, and colorectal cancer, due to chronic inflammation, high insulin, and, in women, increased estrogen levels post-menopause. Weight loss, including through bariatric surgery, significantly lowers cancer risk, except for colorectal cancer, where the surgery may increase the risk due to bile acid exposure. Obesity is the primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes, which can lead to severe complications. Lifestyle changes targeting obesity can be more effective than medications, which may cause further weight gain. To read the original article click here.

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Obesity’s Impacts on Gallstones, Acid Reflux, and Heart Disease

The AHA! Team — Wed, 28 May 2025 05:29:02 +0000

Michael Greger M.D. FACLM via Nutrition Facts – Sufficient, sustained weight loss may cut the risk of fatal heart attacks and strokes in half. In the ABCs of health consequences of obesity, G is for Gallstones. The top digestive reason people are hospitalized is a gallbladder attack. Every year, more than a million Americans are diagnosed with gallstones, and about 700,000 must have their gallbladders surgically removed. It is a relatively safe procedure, with complication rates tending to be under 5 percent and a mortality rate of only about 1 in 1,000. However one in ten may develop a post-cholecystectomy syndrome of persistent gastrointestinal symptoms long after their gallbladder is removed. What are gallstones made of? In 80 to 90 percent of cases, gallstones are mostly crystalized cholesterol, forming like rock candy in our gallbladder when cholesterol gets too concentrated. This was used to explain why some small, early studies found that non-vegetarians had a higher incidence of gallstones. However, results from more recent, larger studies are more equivocal; one study suggests that a “vegetarian diet may therefore protect” against gallbladder disease, for instance, while another shows higher rates among vegetarians, independent of weight. As I discuss in my video The Effects of Obesity on Gallstones, Acid Reflux, and Cardiovascular Disease, the biggest purported cause-and-effect risk factor may be obesity, increasing risk as much as sevenfold, as you can see below and at 1:32 in my video, with a doubling of risk even at the heavier side of “the normal BMI range.” Ironically, rapid weight loss may also be a trigger. Half a pound (0.2 kg) a day has been deemed the upper limit for medically safe weight loss, based on gallstone formation. Ultrasound studies found that, above that, the chance of new gallstones can go from less than 1 in 200 a week to closer to 1 in 40, as shown below and at 1:59. To help prevent a gallstone attack, we can increase our fiber intake. Not only is dietary fiber intake associated with less gallbladder disease in the first place, but those placed on high-fiber foods during a weight-loss regimen suffered significantly less gallbladder sludging than those losing the same amount of weight without getting the extra fiber. G is also for gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. Fiber-rich food consumption decreases the risk of acid reflux, too. I previously explored how chronically straining at stool may push part of the stomach up into the chest cavity. Well, excess abdominal pressure due to obesity may have the same effect, pushing acid up into the throat and causing heartburn and inflammation. The increased pressure on the abdominal organs associated with obesity may also explain why overweight women suffer from more vaginal prolapse, where organs such as the rectum push out and into the vaginal cavity. The deadliest letter in the alphabet of obesity consequences is H, which is for Heart Disease. Of the four million deaths attributed to excess body weight every year around the world, nearly 70 percent are due to cardiovascular disease. Is it just because of eating poorly? Mendelian randomization studies suggest that people randomized from conception to be heavier—based only on genetics—do indeed have higher rates of heart disease and stroke regardless of what they eat. The question is: If you lose weight, does your risk drop? Enter the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) trial, the first long-term controlled trial to compare the outcomes of thousands of bariatric surgery patients to matched control subjects who started out at the same weight but went the nonsurgical route. Individuals in the control group maintained their weight, whereas those in the surgical group maintained about a 20 percent weight loss over the next 10 to 20 years. In that period, those in the weight-loss group not only developed 80 percent less diabetes, but they suffered significantly fewer heart attacks and strokes. So, unsurprisingly, they significantly reduced their total mortality overall. Ten years out, the weight-loss group appeared to cut their risk of fatal heart attacks and strokes in half, as shown below and at 4:23 in my video. If you missed the previous videos in my series on the ABCs of obesity, see: The Best Knee Replacement Alternative for Osteoarthritis Treatment The Effects of Obesity on Back Pain, Blood Pressure, Cancer, and Diabetes The Effects of Obesity on Dementia, Brain Function, and Fertility I continue the topic of obesity and weight with videos in the related posts below. For more on the health conditions discussed in this video, see the gallstones, GERD, and heart disease topic pages. The GERD-related video I mentioned is Diet and Hiatal Hernia. Key Takeaways Obesity increases the risk of gallstones by up to sevenfold, and gallstones are primarily made of crystallized cholesterol. Rapid weight loss can also trigger gallstone formation. While gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy) is generally safe, about 10 percent of patients may develop persistent digestive issues known as post-cholecystectomy syndrome. Increasing dietary fiber may help prevent gallbladder attacks and reduce the risk of gallstone formation during weight loss efforts, as well as lower the risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Obesity contributes to GERD, acid reflux, by increasing abdominal pressure, which pushes stomach acid into the throat, leading to heartburn and inflammation. Obesity is a major cause of heart disease, responsible for nearly 70 percent of deaths related to excess body weight. Long-term weight loss can significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and mortality. To read the original article click here.

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Plant-Based Compound Helps Fight Fatty Liver Disease, Type 2 Diabetes & Obesity

The AHA! Team — Mon, 12 May 2025 05:24:07 +0000

Lori Alton via NaturalHealth365 – Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common form of bacterial infection, triggering emergency room visits for roughly a million Americans annually. Scientists warn that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the presence of excess fat in the livers of people with no history of alcohol abuse, currently affects close to 30 percent of the world’s adult population, with rates climbing steadily. While NAFLD is often mild, in some cases, it can progress to devastating outcomes such as cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, and death. Clearly, there’s an urgent need for safe, effective therapies to prevent, alleviate, and reverse this potentially dangerous condition. A natural compound known as berberine might help fill the bill. Berberine has been a staple of Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. A new systematic review in the Journal of Translational Medicine reveals that berberine can help normalize blood sugar, promote weight loss, and prevent the accumulation of fat – a winning “trifecta” of health benefits that may help put NAFLD on the run. Researchers say berberine “shows promise as an adjunct therapy for NAFLD” Berberine – a bright yellow alkaloid derived from barberry plants – has long been advised in traditional Chinese medicine as a natural intervention to balance blood sugar. To explore its effects on NAFLD, researchers evaluated randomized, controlled studies performed between 2010 and 2022 involving over 800 NAFLD patients. They concluded that berberine can “safely and effectively” improve lipid profiles, lower liver enzymes, lower body weight, and increase insulin sensitivity in patients with NAFLD, leading them to acknowledge its “significant therapeutic potential for NAFLD.” While more research is needed, these encouraging results suggest that berberine may be used to address not only NAFLD but also obesity and type 2 diabetes. Berberine is a potent lipid-lowering compound Berberine works through multiple pathways to promote health and combat disease. Research has shown that it alleviates the oxidative stress and inflammation that contribute to fatty liver disease while also helping to activate AMPK, an enzyme that regulates metabolism. In addition, it enhances mitochondrial function, decreases insulin resistance, and helps the body break down sugars more quickly and easily. The authors of the new review pointed out that berberine significantly lowers blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes – in some studies, by as much as 20 percent. But that isn’t all. This versatile compound also benefits the cardiovascular system by helping to prevent the development of cholesterol-laden plaque in arteries. Support heart and gut health In an earlier review published in Phytomedicine, researchers found that berberine can improve cholesterol by lowering LDL cholesterol and increasing HDL cholesterol. They cited a study in which berberine lowered triglycerides (fats in the blood) by an eye-popping 23 percent – and dropped total cholesterol by 12.2 percent. As if that weren’t impressive enough, berberine has been shown to reduce levels of C-reactive protein and apolipoprotein B, which are believed to be risk factors for heart disease. Last but not least, berberine supports a healthy gut microbiome by enhancing populations of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Is berberine really “nature’s Ozempic?” Some fans of berberine have likened its effects to that of Ozempic, the popular weight loss drug. Ozempic, or semaglutide, belongs to a class of drugs known as GLP-1 agonists. It stimulates the release of insulin and is normally prescribed for improving blood sugar and lowering the risk of heart disease in people with type 2 diabetes. Although semaglutide is not approved by the FDA for weight loss, millions of people use it for this purpose. However, side effects of this medication can include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Incidentally, studies have linked these weight loss drugs to thyroid tumors. And the cost can be prohibitive. According to a recent review conducted by the Cleveland Clinic, weight loss from Ozempic depends on the dosage and the length of time the patients took the drug, with obese patients losing an average of 3.7 percent of their body weight after one year. So, how does berberine stack up against Ozempic? Studies have supported this natural compound’s ability to enhance the oxidation of liver fat and interfere with the growth of fat cells. Multiple clinical trials have shown it can cause small but significant weight loss. For example, one older 12-week study showed that 500 mg of berberine three times a day caused about 5 pounds of weight loss while lowering the percent of body fat – including deposits of harmful abdominal fat. Offering an excellent safety profile – and an entire menu of health benefits – berberine appears to have remarkable potential for supporting balanced blood sugar, easing NAFLD, promoting healthy weight, and enhancing overall well-being. Sources for this article include: Biomedcentral.com Verywellfit.com Healthline.com Sciencedirect.com Verywellhealth.com Healthline.com JAMAnetwork.com To read the original article click here.

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Are Big Retail Chains Driving Global Obesity? Study Confirms Alarming Link

The AHA! Team — Mon, 12 May 2025 05:07:00 +0000

Dr. Sanchari Sinha Dutta, Ph.D. via News-Medical – As large retail chains dominate global food markets, unhealthy eating soars—highlighting an urgent need to reshape food environments to combat rising obesity rates. In a recent study published in Nature Food, researchers assess the impact of the retail food environment on global health. An overview of the global food landscape South Asia experienced a dramatic 275% rise in the density of chain outlets from 2009 to 2023, highlighting a rapid shift toward large corporate food systems. Over the past 50 years, global food systems have radically transformed from independent and traditional food sources to systems that are often urbanized, industrialized, digitalized, and run by large retail conglomerates. These changes have increased the availability and affordability of many foods; however, modern global food systems are associated with numerous challenges, including inequitable access to nutritious foods and increased consumption of highly processed products. Compared to traditional foods like grains, fruits, and vegetables, highly processed packaged foods are often high in energy while lacking essential nutrients. Consuming these foods increases the risk of numerous non-communicable diseases (NCDs), the most common of which include obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diet-related decisions can be largely influenced by the type of retail food environment, which encompasses supermarkets, convenience stores, vending machines, cafes, and restaurants. Multinational food chains, for example, often offer affordable foods that are highly processed and unhealthy. Therefore, when these retailers are the only source of food in low- and middle-income regions, they inevitably contribute to NCD-related morbidity and mortality in these populations. To date, few studies have compared differences in the density of retail food systems within and between countries. Thus, it is imperative to better understand current and historical trends in the global food retail landscape and how these differences in food systems impact the prevalence of NCDs. Study findings Digital grocery sales surged globally, especially in upper-middle-income countries, signaling a new frontier in how unhealthy foods reach consumers. The researchers of the current study measured changes in physical and digital retail food environment indicators across 97 and 23 different countries, respectively, from 2009 to 2023 and 2013 to 2023. Between 2009 and 2023 the density of chain outlets increased from 2.63 to 3.25 for every 10,000 individuals, respectively, a rise of over 23.6%. This growth was faster in low—and middle-income countries before 2017. The slowest growth of chain outlets in high-income countries was observed between 2016 and 2020. Overall, a consistent rate of chain outlet growth was observed in upper-middle income countries during the study period. Between 2009 and 2023, the density of non-chain outlets decreased by 13.7%, with every nation outside of North America experiencing a reduction every year. The greatest decrease was observed in upper-middle income countries, followed by low-to-middle income and high-income countries. North America showed the highest reliance on chain stores for unhealthy food, accounting for more than 80% of these sales throughout the study period. The ratio of non-chain to chain outlets decreased by 61% during the study period, with low- and middle-income countries experiencing the largest decline despite having the highest number of non-chain outlets for each chain outlet. Between 2009 and 2023, grocery sales from chain outlets increased by 8.5% in all nations included in the analysis, with South Asia experiencing the greatest increase of 6.68%. However, North America and sub-Saharan Africa did not report any changes in the percentage of grocery sales from chain retailers. The sale of unhealthy foods increased by 4.9% between 2009 and 2023 with South Asia reporting the greatest annual increase during this period. No significant changes in the sales of unhealthy foods were reported in North America. The percentage of unhealthy food sales from chain outlets also increased significantly by 10.9% during this period. In North America, over 80% of unhealthy food sales were from chain outlets, compared to 30% in South Asia. Impact of the retail food environment on obesity The prevalence of obesity increased by about 2% between 2009 and 2022, with all included geographical regions reporting a significant rise in obesity rates. The density of chain and non-chain outlets and the sales of unhealthy foods positively correlated with obesity rates. As the number of non-chain grocery stores reduced in certain nations, the likelihood of rising obesity rates increased. Study takeaways An increasingly corporatized retail food environment is associated with increases in obesity prevalence. Surprisingly, sub-Saharan Africa and North America were unique, showing no notable rise in the proportion of grocery sales made by large chain retailers over the study period. Large chain retailers gain the power to manipulate prices to maximize profits and increase the sale of ultra-processed, unhealthy, and packaged foods by largely dominating food markets. These factors can collectively manipulate customers to develop unhealthy food habits, potentially increasing the risk of developing NCDs like obesity. The study findings emphasize the crucial need to monitor the role of retail food environment transformation on human and planetary health, especially in low—and middle-income countries, where this change is more rapid and pronounced. Journal reference: Scapin, T., Romaniuk, H., Feeley, A., et al. (2025). Global food retail environments are increasingly dominated by large chains and linked to the rising prevalence of obesity. Nature Food. doi:10./1038/s43016-025-01134-x, https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-025-01134-x To read the original article click here.

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Obesity’s Impacts on Our Brain, Dementia, and Fertility

The AHA! Team — Wed, 23 Apr 2025 05:24:53 +0000

Michael Greger M.D. FACLM via Nutrition Facts – Weight loss can decrease dementia risk and improve mental performance and fertility. As I’ve discussed previously, in the ABCs of the health consequences of obesity, A is for Arthritis, B is for Back Pain and Blood Pressure, C is for Cancer, and D is for Diabetes. That brings us to E, which is for Encephalopathy. Encephalopathy means brain disease. There are consistent data linking obesity in middle age to a higher risk of dementia later in life. Researchers found that individuals who are overweight have about a one-third higher risk of dementia and those who are obese in mid-life have about 90 percent greater risk. The risk isn’t limited only to future dysfunction, though. People with excess body weight don’t appear to think as clearly at any age. “It was found that obese participants showed broad impairments on executive functions” of the brain, including working memory, decision-making, planning, cognitive flexibility, and verbal fluency. “From resisting temptation to keeping long-term goals in mind, executive functions play a critical role in everyday life,” noted a meta-analysis and review of 72 studies on the issue. People may think about their obesity…as much as five times an hour According to researchers, people may think about their obesity and the resulting stigma they experience as much as five times an hour, but the cognitive deficits do not appear to arise just from distraction; there are structural brain differences between individuals who are at an ideal weight versus overweight. A review entitled “Does the Brain Shrink as the Waist Expands?” noted gray matter atrophy across all ages among those carrying excess body fat. It’s this reduced brain volume that has been correlated with lower executive function. As you can see below and at 1:42 in my video The Effects of Obesity on Dementia, Brain Function, and Fertility, compromised integrity of the rest of the brain—the white matter—suggests accelerated brain aging, even in young adults and children with obesity. Cognitive deficits in younger populations suggest there’s something about obesity itself that is affecting brain function, rather than a later clinical consequence, such as high blood pressure. Purported mechanisms for this executive dysfunction include obesity-related inflammation and oxidative stress. So, does weight loss improve cognitive function? Based on a meta-analysis of 20 studies, researchers found that mental performance across a variety of domains can be significantly improved with even modest weight loss. However, no studies have yet to be done to determine if this then translates into a normalization of Alzheimer’s disease risk. Back to the ABCs of obesity’s health consequences, F is for Fertility—or rather failed fertility. “Overweight and obese persons seeking fertility should be educated on the detrimental effects of fatness and the benefits of weight reduction, including improvement in pregnancy rates,” one meta-analysis concluded. Men also may suffer impaired fertility. The heavier a man is, the greater his risk of having a low sperm count or being completely sterile, as you can see below and at 3:01 in my video. This may be due in part to the effects of excess body fat on testosterone levels. Fat isn’t the primary site of estrogen production in only postmenopausal women, but in men, too. An enzyme in body fat converts testosterone into estrogen. Men losing weight and going from obese to overweight could potentially raise the testosterone levels in their blood by 13 percent. A more dramatic cause of infertility in obese men… is called a “hidden penis.” The condition, which is also described in the medical literature as a “hidden, buried, concealed, trapped, and inconspicuous” penis, occurs when excess fat in the pubic area subsumes the penis (since its base is attached internally to the pubic bone). The moist enfolding skin surfaces can result in chronic inflammatory dermatitis leading to scarring and requiring a surgical intervention. If you missed the previous blog posts, I covered The Best Knee Replacement Alternative for Osteoarthritis Treatment and The Effects of Obesity on Back Pain, Blood Pressure, Cancer, and Diabetes. I continue the topic of obesity and weight with videos in the related posts below. I cover all of this and more at length in my book How Not to Diet, and its culinary companion, The How Not to Diet Cookbook, has more than 100 delicious, weight-conscious recipes. Request them from your local library. For more on the health conditions discussed in this video, see the Alzheimer’s disease, cognition, and fertility topic pages. Key Takeaways Middle-aged individuals who are overweight have a one-third higher risk of dementia, while those who are obese face a 90 percent greater risk later in life. Obesity is linked to impaired executive brain functions, such as memory, decision-making, and planning, even in younger individuals, due to structural changes like reduced gray matter. Obesity can cause premature brain aging, with reduced gray and white matter integrity, leading to cognitive deficits that suggest brain function is affected by obesity itself, not just related conditions. Modest weight loss can significantly improve cognitive function, though it’s unclear if this reduces Alzheimer’s disease risk. Obesity can negatively affect fertility in both men and women, with excess fat lowering testosterone levels in men and contributing to conditions like “hidden penis” that may require surgical intervention. To read the original article click here.

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Obesity’s Impact on Back Pain, Blood Pressure, Cancer, & Diabetes

The AHA! Team — Mon, 07 Apr 2025 05:07:54 +0000

Michael Greger M.D. FACLM via Nutrition Facts – Losing weight can reduce sciatica, hypertension, and cancer risk, as well as reverse type 2 diabetes. In the ABCs of the health consequences of obesity, A is for Arthritis, as I discussed in my previous blog post, and B is for Back Pain. Being overweight is not just a risk factor for low back pain, but it is also a risk factor for sciatica (a radiating nerve pain), as well as degenerating lumbar discs and disc herniation. Similar to what we learned in the arthritis story, this may also be due to a combination of the excess weight, high cholesterol, and inflammation associated with being overweight. Why cholesterol? Studies of autopsies and angiographies show that the lumbar arteries that feed our spine can get clogged with atherosclerosis and starve the disks in our lower back, as you can see below and at 0:47 in my video The Effects of Obesity on Back Pain, Blood Pressure, Cancer, and Diabetes. B is also for Blood Pressure. Excess visceral fat—for example, internal abdominal fat—can physically compress our kidneys. The increased pressure can effectively squeeze sodium back into our bloodstream, increasing our blood pressure. Together, the combination of obesity and hypertension can have “disastrous health implications,” but the good news is that just a few pounds of weight loss can help take off the pressure. Losing excess weight has been described as “a vital strategy for controlling hypertension.” In fact, researchers found that losing around nine pounds (4 kg) may lower blood pressure about as much as cutting salt intake approximately in half can. C is for Cancer. As many as three-quarters of people surveyed “were unaware that being overweight or obese increased a person’s risk of cancer,” when, in fact, based on a comprehensive review of more than a thousand studies, excess body fat raises the risk of most cancers, including esophageal, stomach, colorectal, liver, gallbladder, pancreatic, breast, uterine, ovarian, kidney, brain, thyroid, and bone marrow (multiple myeloma) cancers, as you can see below and at 2:00 in my video. It could be the chronic inflammation of obesity or perhaps it is the high insulin levels due to insulin resistance. (Besides controlling blood sugars, insulin is also “a potent growth factor” that can promote tumor growth.) In women, it could also be the excess estrogen. After the ovaries shut down at menopause, fat takes over as the principal site of estrogen production. That’s why women who are obese have up to nearly twice the estrogen levels circulating in their bloodstream, which is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer and dying from it. The data on prostate cancer aren’t as strong, though obesity is associated with increased risk of invasive penis cancer. “We’re confident the link between obesity and cancer is cause-and-effect” One of the reasons we’re confident the link between obesity and cancer is cause-and-effect—and not just an indirect consequence of eating poorly—is that the overall risk of cancer goes down when people lose weight, even through bariatric surgery. Researchers found that those experiencing a sustained weight loss of about 40 pounds (19.9 kg) after surgery went on to develop around one-third fewer cancers over the subsequent decade, compared with matched individuals in the nonsurgical control group who continued to slowly gain weight over time. The exception, though, is colorectal cancer. “Colorectal cancer is the only known malignancy where the risk of being diagnosed with disease seems to increase after obesity surgery.” Indeed, after bariatric surgery, the rate of rectal cancer death may triple. The rearrangement of anatomy involved in one of the most common surgeries—Roux-en-Y gastric bypass—is thought to increase bile acid exposure along the intestinal lining. This causes sustained pro-inflammatory changes even years after the procedure, which is thought responsible for the increased cancer risk. In contrast, losing weight by dietary means has the potential to decrease obesity-related cancer risk across the board. D is for Diabetes. As presented in a consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation, obesity is considered the single most important risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes, which is the leading cause of kidney failure, lower-limb amputations, and adult-onset blindness. Ironically, many of the leading drugs used to treat diabetes (including insulin itself) cause further weight gain, creating a vicious cycle. So, again, using lifestyle medicine to treat the underlying cause is not only safer, simpler, and cheaper, but can also be most effective. If you missed my previous video, check out The Best Knee Replacement Alternative for Osteoarthritis Treatment. Coming up next? See related posts below. I continue the topic of weight control with these videos that may be of interest to you: Is the Obesity Paradox Real or a Myth? and Friday Favorites: What’s the Ideal BMI and Waist Size?. For more on back pain, blood pressure, cancer, and diabetes, check out their topic pages. Key Takeaways Obesity increases the risk of low back pain, sciatica, and lumbar disc degeneration due to excess weight, high cholesterol, and inflammation, which may restrict blood flow to the spine, and the loss of even a few pounds, can help reduce blood pressure and prevent related health complications. Obesity raises the risk of many cancers, including breast, liver, and colorectal cancer, due to chronic inflammation, high insulin, and, in women, increased estrogen levels post-menopause. Weight loss, including through bariatric surgery, significantly lowers cancer risk, except for colorectal cancer, where the surgery may increase the risk due to bile acid exposure. Obesity is the primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes, which can lead to severe complications. Lifestyle changes targeting obesity can be more effective than medications, which may cause further weight gain. To read the original article click here.

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