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Study On Time Restricted Eating Reveals Limiting Food Intake to Daytime Shows Promising Beneficial Metabolic Effects in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

AHA Publisher — Wed, 27 Jul 2022 07:00:49 +0000

Diabetologia via Newswise – A new study published in Diabetologia (the journal of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes [EASD]) finds that following a time-restricted eating (TRE) protocol which limits food intake to a max 10-hour time window shows promising beneficial metabolic effects in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The research was conducted by Prof Patrick Schrauwen, Charlotte Andriessen and colleagues at NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands. Our modern 24-hour society is characterised by endless food availability and disrupted day-night rhythm brought on by irregular sleep-activity patterns and frequent exposure to artificial light sources. In Western nations, people also tend to spread their daily food intake over a minimum of 14 hours, which is likely to result in the absence of a true, nocturnal fasted state. These factors all contribute to the development of T2D which has become one of the most common metabolic diseases globally, estimated by the World Health Organization to cause more than 1.5 million deaths per year. TRE is a novel strategy for improving metabolic health and is intended to counteract the detrimental effects of eating throughout the day by limiting the duration of food intake (typically 12 h or less) and restore the cycle of daytime eating and prolonged fasting during the evening and night. Previous studies show that TRE leads to promising metabolic changes in people with overweight or obesity, including increased fat burning, decreased blood sugar levels and improved insulin sensitivity; but these effects have not been studied in detail. Moreover, while these results are promising, these studies used extremely short eating time windows (6-8 h) and highly controlled study settings, making such protocols difficult to implement in daily life. TRE is sometimes accompanied by unintended weight loss which would be expected to increase metabolic health, but such improvements have also been reported in the absence of weight loss, indicating that additional mechanisms are involved in how restricted eating influences metabolism. Individuals with impaired metabolic health experience alterations in the rhythms of metabolic processes compared to healthy, lean individuals and the authors hypothesise that a disturbed fed-fasting cycle contributes to these impairments in metabolic rhythms. They suggest that by restricting food intake to daytime only and extending the length of the nocturnal fast may have beneficial effects on metabolic health. The researchers recruited 14 individuals with T2D for the study, aged between 50 and 75 years (7 male, 7 female, average age 67.5 years) and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2. The study consisted of two 3-week intervention periods: TRE and control (CON), separated by a wash-out period of at least 4 weeks. At the start of each intervention, participants had their body weight measured and were fitted with a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device which measured their blood sugar level every 15 minutes. They were instructed to keep to their normal sleep patterns and physical activity, and to maintain a stable weight. A food and sleep diary completed during the first intervention was used to ensure that diet during the second period was similar in both quantity and quality. During TRE participants were instructed to consume their normal diet within a 10-hour window during the daytime, and to complete their food intake no later than 1800H. Outside this time window they were permitted to drink water, plain tea, or black coffee, and zero-calorie soft drinks were also allowed during the evening if consumed in moderation. During CON volunteers were only required to spread their normal food intake over at least 14 hours, with no other restrictions. The eating window for TRE averaged 9.1 h compared to 13.4 h in CON, while sleep-wake patterns were similar in each case with mean sleep durations of 8.1 h and 8.0 h, respectively. Mean body mass was comparable at the start of both TRE and CON and although volunteers were instructed to remain weight stable, a small but statistically significant weight loss occurred in response to TRE but not CON. TRE was found to decrease 24-hour glucose levels, primarily as a result of lower nocturnal blood sugar, and the average time spent with blood glucose in the normal range increased to 15.1 hours versus 12.2 hours during the CON phase. Morning fasting glucose was consistently lower among the TRE group than those on the control diet, which may be the result of lasting changes in nocturnal glucose control. Time spent in hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) was not significantly increased by TRE and no serious adverse effects were reported resulting from the protocol, demonstrating that an eating window of approximately 10 h is a safe and effective lifestyle intervention for adults with T2D. Approximately half-way through each intervention, liver glycogen levels were assessed in the morning following the 10 h or 14 h night-time fast period, and were measured again at the end of each study period after an 11 h fast for both TRE and CON. In both cases, liver glycogen did not differ significantly between TRE and CON and an analysis of liver fats showed no difference in their quantity or composition between interventions. Unlike a previous study into TRE, this one did not show that the protocol had any effect on insulin sensitivity, however the earlier research had used a much shorter 6 h food intake window with the last meal being consumed at 15:00 h. This resulted in a longer fasting period which may have been more effective but was felt to be unrealistic to incorporate into the lifestyle of most adults with T2D. The team advise: “Future studies will be needed to reveal whether the duration of the fasting period is indeed crucial in determining positive effects on insulin sensitivity.” The authors say: “Mechanisms underlying the improvement in glucose regulation upon TRE remain unclear. Our results show that TRE did not improve peripheral and liver insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, energy metabolism or liver fat content, all of which are known to be affected in T2D.” They propose that the mechanisms involved in the effects and their implications should be investigated further, with particular focus on studying nocturnal glucose metabolism in more detail. Limitations of this research include its relatively short duration and that some but not all participants were on glucose-lowering medication which may have caused TRE to have less effect. Despite this, a 3-week intervention period has been found to be long enough to affect the variables being analysed, and the authors highlight that only recruiting volunteers who were not on medication would reduce the study’s relevance to the general T2D population. The authors conclude: “A daytime 10 h TRE regimen for 3 weeks decreases glucose levels and prolongs the time spent in the normal blood sugar range in adults with T2D as compared with spreading daily food intake over at least 14 h. These data highlight the potential benefit of TRE in T2D” They also suggest: “Since our TRE protocol was feasible and safe, and resulted in improved 24 h glucose levels, it would be interesting to examine the impact of 10 h TRE on glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes in the long term to address the clinical relevance of TRE.” To read the original article click here.

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ATTENTION Diabetics: These 3 Popular Spices Can Help Manage Your Blood Sugar

AHA Publisher — Mon, 11 Oct 2021 07:00:09 +0000

Michelle Marks via NaturalHealth365 – Did you know that there are organic spices for diabetics that can help manage your blood sugar better? It is easy to add to any recipe and gives plenty of nutrients and specific health benefits. Many studies suggest that merely half a teaspoon of cinnamon a day can significantly reduce excess blood sugar levels. But before you run to the health food store to buy cinnamon, don’t forget to add fenugreek, coriander, and clove seeds. These spices give you that extra kick of flavor while, at the same time, helping to stabilize your energy level. Multiple Studies Confirm Fenugreek’s Ability to Regulate Blood Sugar Levels Fenugreek seeds contain many natural compounds, but research has identified that the phytonutrient galactomannan and amino acid 4 – hydroxyisoleucine are responsible for its glucose-lowering effect. Many lab studies have confirmed the beneficial effects of fenugreek in lowering blood sugar in type-2 diabetics. In a study on human subjects with mild type-2 diabetes, consumption of fenugreek extract for two months decreased the blood sugar levels and was less insulin resistant than the placebo group. In another study, published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 50 grams of fenugreek seed powder consumed twice daily decreased the fasting blood sugar level, improved glucose tolerance, and reduced the urinary glucose output by 54% in type-1 diabetics. In addition to this – it also decreased the total cholesterol, signs indicating its usefulness in managing diabetes and treating its complications. There is no recommended amount of fenugreek, however, clinical studies have used 5 grams of seeds or a gram of the powder per day. Spices for Diabetics Can Improve Insulin Sensitivity and Digestion Although coriander and cilantro belong to the same family, coriander leaves and seeds offer more significant benefits than cilantro. Coriander seeds contain two volatile oils – linalool and geranyl acetate – potent antioxidants that work at a cellular level. Lab studies have shown that coriander seed extracts decreased plasma glucose, improved insulin sensitivity, and improved serum lipid levels in animal models. Another study showed that 200 mg/kg of coriander seed extracts significantly increased the activity of insulin-secreting beta cells compared to the diabetic control animals. In a human study reported in Digestive Diseases and Sciences, researchers observed that coriander (seed) powder decreased the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, a chronic digestive complaint. Study participants reported a greater absence of bloating, pain, and constipation compared to the placebo group. Lower Blood Glucose and Cholesterol Levels with Cloves Cloves are rich in antioxidants anthocyanins and quercetin plus high in an active component called eugenol and is also an excellent source of manganese, a good source of omega-3 fats, vitamins C, K, fiber and minerals calcium, magnesium. In addition, this spice is a natural antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic. In one study, 30 type-2 diabetics were given capsules containing 0, 1, 2, or 3 grams of cloves each day – for a month – to observe the serum glucose levels. Study authors found that serum glucose dropped from 225 to 150 mg/dl, significantly dropping triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL levels. Therefore, researchers suggested that consuming 1 to 3 grams of cloves per day is beneficial for people with type-2 diabetes to better manage their glucose and total cholesterol levels. It is always best not to focus on one spice alone; adding a variety of spices to season your food doubles its medicinal value. Naturally, for best results, always work with an experienced healthcare provider or health coach about the best nutritional advice for you – especially if you have diabetes. Sources for the article include: NIH.gov NIH.gov NIH.gov Faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com To read the original article click here.

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How to Foster a Healthy Gut Flora

AHA Publisher — Sat, 13 Jun 2020 07:00:58 +0000

Michael Greger M.D. FACLM via Nutrition Facts – What’s more important: probiotics or prebiotics? And where can we best get them? “Virtually every day we are all confronted with the activity of our intestine, and it is no surprise that at least some of us have developed a fascination for our intestinal condition and its relation to health and disease.” “Over the last years the intestinal microbiota [our gut flora] has been identified as a fascinating ‘new organ’” with all sorts of functions. Well, if the bacteria in our gut make up an entire, separate organ inside our body, what about doing an organ transplant? I discuss this in my video How to Become a Fecal Transplant Super Donor. What would happen if you transferred intestinal bacteria from lean donors into obese subjects? Researchers figured that rebalancing the obesity-causing bacteria with an infusion of gut bacteria from a lean donor might help. They had wanted the study to be placebo-controlled, which, for drugs is easy, because the control subjects can just be given a sugar pill. But, when you’re inserting a tube down people’s throats and transplanting feces, what do you use as the placebo—or poocebo, if you will? Both the donors and the subjects brought in fresh stools, and the subjects were randomized to either get a donor’s stool or their own collected feces. So, the placebo was simply getting their own stool back. What happened? As you can see at 1:32 in my video, the insulin sensitivity of the skinny donors was up around 50, which is a good thing. High insulin sensitivity means a low level of insulin resistance, which is the cause of both type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. The obese subjects started out around 20 and, after an infusion of their own feces, stayed around 20. The group of obese donors getting the skinny fecal infusion similarly started out low but then shot up near to where the slim folks were. It’s interesting that not all lean donors’ stools conveyed the same effect on insulin sensitivity. Some donors, the so-called super-fecal donors, had very significant effects, whereas others had little or no effect, as you can see at 2:02 in my video. It turns out this super-donor effect is most probably conveyed by the amounts of short-chain fatty acid-producing intestinal bacteria in their feces. These are the food bacteria that thrive off of the fiber we eat. The short-chain fatty acids produced by fiber-eating bacteria may contribute to the release of gut hormones that may be the cause of this beneficial, improved insulin sensitivity. “The use of fecal transplantation has recently attracted considerable attention because of its success in treatments as well as its capacity to provide cause–effect relations,” that is, cause-and-effect evidence that the bacteria we have in our gut can affect our metabolism. Within a few months, however, the bacterial composition returned back to baseline, so the effects on the obese subjects were temporary. We can get similar benefits by just feeding what few good gut bacteria we may already have. If you have a house full of rabbits and feed them pork rinds, all the bunnies will die. Yes, you can repopulate your house by infusing new bunnies, but if you keep feeding them pork rinds, they’ll eventually die off as well. Instead, even if you start off with just a few rabbits but if you feed them what they’re meant to eat, they’ll grow and multiply, and your house will soon be full of fiber-eating bunnies. Fecal transplants and probiotics are only temporary fixes if we keep putting the wrong fuel into our guts. But, by eating prebiotics, such as fiber, which means “increasing whole plant food consumption,” we may select for—and foster the growth of—our own good bacteria. However, such effects may abate once the high-fiber intake ceases. Therefore, our dietary habits should include a continuous consumption of large quantities of high-fiber foods to improve our health. Otherwise, we may be starving our microbial selves. To read the original article click here. For more articles from Dr. Greger click here.

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