autism spectrum disorder Archives - Amazing Health Advances

Cochlear Implant in Deaf Children with Autism Can Improve Language Skills and Social Engagement

AHA Publisher — Wed, 29 Dec 2021 08:00:14 +0000

Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago via Newswise – Restoring hearing through cochlear implantation for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can help them understand spoken language and enhance social interactions, according to a study from Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago. The study reported long-term outcomes of the largest number of children with ASD who received a cochlear implant, with mean follow-up of 10.5 years. Findings were published in the journal Otology & Neurotology. “Our results add to the growing body of evidence that cochlear implantation clearly benefits deaf children with autism spectrum disorder,” said senior author Nancy Young, MD, Medical Director of Audiology and Cochlear Implant Programs at Lurie Children’s and a Professor of Pediatric Otolaryngology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. “Improved hearing provides access to spoken language that may enhance their cognitive and communication potential, as well as help these children engage more with their families.” The majority (73 percent) of children in the study consistently used their cochlear implant throughout the day, of whom 45 percent developed some understanding of spoken words with hearing alone (no visual cues). Forty five percent also used spoken language to some degree as part of their overall communication. Eighty six percent were reported by parents to have improved social engagement after implantation. Responding to a survey, one parent reported: “Without his implant, he was stuck in his own little world, no sound, no eye contact with others. The implant brought his personality out to us.” According to recent estimates, one in 88 children in the US have ASD, a complex developmental disorder characterized by impaired communication and social interaction. Twenty-five to 30 percent of normal hearing children with ASD do not develop spoken language as a means of communication. Therefore, children with ASD in combination with profound hearing loss have two conditions that may limit development of spoken language. Not surprisingly, the children in this study usually developed understanding and use of spoken language more slowly than implanted children without ASD. Children with ASD have been reported to have a higher prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) than children without ASD. Conversely, children with SNHL have been reported to have a higher rate of ASD than those with normal hearing. Dr. Young noted that “the relationship between these two diagnoses for some of these children may be due to congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV), an infection that begins in the developing fetus that often is unrecognized after birth. It may cause hearing loss and is associated with increased incidence of ASD.” Most children in the study were diagnosed with ASD after cochlear implantation. Diagnosis after implantation is likely related to the young age at which most received their implant, and to increased difficulty diagnosing ASD when significant hearing loss is present. “Understanding the range of outcomes in this population is important for counseling parents and educators to ensure that these children receive appropriate support and services,” said Beth Tournis, AuD, an audiologist at Lurie Children’s and co-author of the study. To read the original article click here.

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A Diagnostic Tool That Treats Autism Like Cancer

AHA Publisher — Tue, 25 May 2021 07:00:01 +0000

Abigail Klein Leichman via Israel21c – An Israeli pediatric hematologist-oncologist believes immunology is the key to diagnosing and treating many cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Dr. Benjamin Gesundheit readily admits it sounds crazy to treat a neurodevelopmental condition the way one might treat cancer. But international reports from as early as 1962 reveal that children with autism may have autoimmune diseases in their family. Moreover, treating ASD children for autoimmune diseases, such as asthma, sometimes results in improvement of their ASD symptoms as well – typically, impaired social and communication skills and unusual repetitive behavior. Intrigued by this anecdotal evidence, Gesundheit left his practice in 2011 to research the connection between autism and immune dysfunction. “I sat for one year in the library to review the literature on autism and consulted people including a pediatrician who has a son with autism and asthma and when the asthma was treated the autism lessened,” he tells ISRAEL21c. “It became obvious to me there was a connection. Many important insights in the literature and from people I knew pointed in exactly the same direction.” His discoveries led to the 2014 founding of his startup, Cell-El Therapeutics. Gone Fishing Animal studies he did in Israel confirmed that autoimmune antibodies present in some mothers of children with ASD bind to fetal brain proteins and may be a marker or risk factor for ASD. In 2013, Gesundheit was lead author of a multinational review of epidemiological, serological, and epigenetic evidence for the relationship between the immune system and many cases of ASD, published in the Journal of Autoimmunity. One coauthor was immunologist David Naor from Hebrew University. Gesundheit got Health Ministry approval to “go on a fishing expedition” for immunological biomarkers of triple-A (autoimmune antibody associated) autism in the blood of 360 ASD children, with typically developed children as a control, aged 3 to 11. “I asked each parent if they have an autoimmune disease, and many of them told me nobody asked them that before, but we have actually many autoimmune conditions in our family,” he tells ISRAEL21c. RayBiotech lab in Atlanta confirmed that out of 1,000 markers studied, about 30 showed significant statistical differences between ASD and non-ASD children. Israeli biostatisticians found that in 88% of the more than 200 blood samples, ASD could be diagnosed objectively by the immune profile they identified as diagnostic markers. “Accuracy of 88% is not perfect medically,” says Gesundheit. “I think the other 12% was not proven to have a connection because there is some other cause or because we didn’t identify all the markers.” First Objective Diagnostic Tool for ASD Still, he found the results encouraging enough to embark on developing what could be the world’s first objective medical diagnostic tool for ASD. Today, ASD is diagnosed by observational behavioral tests conducted by neurologists, psychologists and psychiatrists. Since these tests assess communication, they cannot be performed until a child is two or three. “Autism was first described in 1943 and since then there hasn’t been anything significantly new to understand the disease mechanism as a basis for diagnosis and treatment,”,” says Gesundheit. “The word ‘spectrum’ doesn’t tell me biologically why something in the synapses between neurons is not signaling. We have no clue and it’s a disaster. A lot of divorce, depressive disorders, unemployment and suicide surrounds families with an autistic child.” Gesundheit will now take “the five best markers from the 30” and develop them into a diagnostic blood test over the next few years. This test could be given to babies with typical early signs of ASD — like not smiling or poor eye contact by six months old — to offer biological proof for observational tests done in toddlerhood. The blood tests could also be a basis for early intervention. “If we can sort out immunological markers in the blood sample, we will enable an objective diagnosis and that is the basis of many therapeutic approaches. The diagnostic tool might be used to monitor the success of any treatment as well. This is an exciting new chapter for the world for autism.” Immunotherapy Cell-El Therapeutics’ other purpose is to develop an immunotherapy protocol for triple-A autism. Currently there are no FDA-approved treatments for the core symptoms of ASD. One promising possibility is infusing autologous stem cells (from the patient’s own cells) with mesenchymal stem cells, which restore normal immune function. Gesundheit published a study on this and is working with medical experts in Europe who have observed remarkable improvements in ASD children following stem-cell transplants. “I’m not sure we can target treatments to specific social or communication symptoms, but we can open an interesting avenue for future research,” he says. “Optimal dosage, ideal age for treatment, and number and timing of treatments remain open questions for our clinical research. We do know that younger children are more responsive to immuno-modulation.” It may also be possible to look for immunological biomarkers in the blood of mothers of autistic children and treat the mother before further pregnancies. “If we can do prevention that would be totally incredible,” says Gesundheit. According to the World Health Organization, one in 160 children is on the autism spectrum and the numbers are growing each year. The Team Cell-El’s team includes two seasoned PhDs: Chief Scientific Officer Ronald Ellis, who has helped bring several major vaccines and therapeutics to the market over the past 35 years (and was one of ISRAEL21c’s experts in our webinar about the Covid-19 vaccine) and Fred Samuels, head of diagnostics, who has 35 years of senior management experience in commercializing diagnostic products. The Swiss-born Gesundheit (whose name is a German for “health”) previously worked at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto and at Soroka and Hadassah medical centers in Israel. Gesundheit also heads a startup called Rapo Yerapeh that’s investigating the use of oncolytic viruses to treat metastatic tumors, and he is researching an existing antiviral as a treatment for Covid-19. For information on Cell-El’s diagnostic studies, click here. For information on another subset of autism discovered at the Israel Center for Autism Research, click here. To read the original article click here. For more articles from Israel21c click here.

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Study Identifies Neural Connectivity Patterns Associated with Autism in Infants

AHA Publisher — Mon, 17 Aug 2020 07:00:36 +0000

Elsevier via News-Medical Net – Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is rarely diagnosed until symptoms arise, often well into childhood. Evidence however, is mounting that developmental abnormalities likely emerge in the brain long before then: early identification of babies at risk for ASD could allow for interventions that would improve their developmental outcomes. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, have found evidence of signature brain activity in infants that predicted ASD symptoms later at 18 months old. The work, led by Shafali Jeste, MD, at UCLA appears in Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, published by Elsevier. “Early identification and intervention is key to getting better outcomes for children with neurodevelopmental disorders,” said Cameron Carter, MD, Editor of Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. “This study suggests that relatively low-cost diagnostic tools such as EEG may, in the not-too-distant future, help us to do a better job by identifying atypical brain development in infancy, when interventions may be even more impactful than when offered to toddlers and young children.” The researchers used electroencephalography (EEG), a non-invasive technique to measure electrical brain activity from outside the head and tracked neural activity in the so-called alpha range. Alpha-range activity is associated with long-range connections in the brain. The group then used an approach that allowed them to integrate data from across the brain. “One crucial aspect of brain development is the change in patterns of brain activity. We wanted to know if measures of neural activity could detect atypical brain development in ASD during early infancy.” (Abigail Dickinson, PhD, Study First Author, University of California) Dr. Dickinson and the team performed EEG measurements in 65 3-month-old infants; 29 with low familial risk of ASD and 36 at high risk, with an affected older sibling. When the children were 18-months-old, they were assessed for ASD by a trained clinician. The researchers used computer modeling to predict symptom outcomes at 18 months based on the babies’ neural activity in infancy. The model’s predictions correlated with the actual symptoms measured in the toddlers. The model was not able to predict verbal or non-verbal cognitive scores in the toddlers–suggesting that the brain connectivity pattern may be a specific marker of ASD. In infants that later showed higher ASD symptoms, researchers saw decreased connectivity between frontal regions. The infants also showed increased connections across temporo-parietal areas in the right hemisphere, which are associated with social information processing. “These findings improve our understanding of the neural differences that precede autism and show which brain regions reveal the earliest signs of disruption,” Dr. Dickinson said. The findings bolster the idea that disrupted brain connectivity is a root cause of ASD, not a consequence. The authors suggest that the low cost, wide availability and low risk of EEG make it a good screening tool to identify babies at higher risk of developing ASD or those with “borderline” symptoms, so that they get early intervention. “Mapping patterns of activity associated with autism could ultimately help identify infants who show early signs of neural risk,” Dr. Dickinson added. To read the original article click here.

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Study Detects Abnormally Low Levels of a Key Protein in Brains of Young Men with Autism

AHA Publisher — Wed, 26 Feb 2020 08:00:10 +0000

Massachusetts General Hospital via EurekAlert – Using cutting-edge imaging technology, researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) have shown that the brains of young men with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have low levels of a protein that appears to play a role in inflammation and metabolism. BOSTON – This surprising discovery, which published online today in the journal Molecular Psychiatry provides an important new insight into the possible origins of ASD, which affects one in 59 children. ASD is a developmental disorder that emerges in early childhood and is characterized by difficulty communicating and interacting with others. While the cause is unknown, growing evidence has linked ASD to inflammation of brain tissue, or neuroinflammation. One sign of neuroinflammation is elevated levels of a substance called translocator protein (TSPO), which can be measured and located in the brain using positron-emission tomography (PET) and anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MGH study, led by Nicole Zurcher, PhD, an investigator in MGH’s Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, was the first to use a new generation of PET “tracers,” which more accurately detect TSPO, to examine the brains of people with ASD. In the study, Zurcher and her colleagues scanned the brains of 15 young adult males (average age, 24) with ASD. The group included both high- and low-functioning subjects with varying degrees of intellectual abilities. For comparison, Zurcher’s team scanned the brains of 18 healthy control subjects who were similar in age. The investigators hypothesized that the scans would show increased levels, or expression, of TSPO in subjects who have ASD. “To our surprise, that’s not what we saw,” says Zurcher. Instead, the scans showed that the brains of males with ASD had lower levels of TSPO than those of the healthy subjects. In fact, the men with the most severe symptoms of ASD tended to have the lowest expression of TSPO. When the tests were repeated several months later, the pattern persisted. The brain regions found to have low expression of TSPO have previously been linked to ASD in earlier studies, and are believed to govern social and cognitive capacities such as processing of emotions, interpreting facial expressions, empathy, and relating to others. “We know these brain regions are involved in autism,” says Zurcher. To understand this unexpected finding, Zurcher notes that TSPO does more than serve as a marker of inflammation. “It has multiple complex roles,” she says, and some actually promote brain health. For example, adequate TSPO is necessary for normal functioning of mitochondria, which are the “power houses” in cells that produce energy. Earlier research has linked malfunctioning mitochondria in brain cells to ASD. Zurcher and her colleagues next plan to study brains from deceased donors with the goal of determining which brain cells in people with ASD might experience mitochondrial dysfunction, which she says may well be occurring alongside neuroinflammation and other mechanisms to cause ASD. “Our study has generated new hypotheses that now need to be investigated,” says Zurcher. “There’s more work to be done.” To read the original article click here.

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