anxiety reduction Archives - Amazing Health Advances

How Bird Songs Can Help Reduce Anxiety

The AHA! Team — Thu, 09 May 2024 20:07:22 +0000

Dr. Caroline Leaf – In this podcast (episode #516) and blog, I talk about one helpful way to improve your mental wellbeing: listening to bird songs! Bird songs have been known to have several positive effects on humans, contributing to our well-being in various ways: Reducing Stress: Listening to bird songs can have a calming effect on the human mind. The gentle and soothing melodies can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, promoting relaxation and a sense of tranquility. Connection to Nature: Bird songs connect us to the natural world, even if we’re in an urban environment. This connection with nature can provide a sense of escapism and rejuvenation, especially for those who may not have regular access to natural settings. Improving Mood: The melodic and often cheerful tunes of bird songs can have a positive impact on our mood. Hearing these sounds can trigger the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine, which are associated with feelings of pleasure and happiness. Enhancing Concentration and Focus: Bird songs are typically gentle and repetitive, which can create a soothing background noise that enhances concentration and focus. This is why some people find it helpful to have ambient bird sounds while working or studying. Aiding Mindfulness and Meditation: Bird songs can be used as a focal point during mindfulness exercises and meditation. The sounds provide a point of focus for attention, helping to anchor the mind in the present moment and promote relaxation. Providing a Sense of Normalcy: Bird songs are a common and natural part of the environment in many places. Hearing them can provide a sense of routine and familiarity, which can be comforting, especially during times of uncertainty or change. Encouraging Outdoor Activities: The lure of bird songs can encourage people to spend more time outdoors, engaging in activities like walking, hiking, or simply sitting in a park. Spending time in nature has numerous physical and mental health benefits. Cultural and Artistic Significance: Bird songs have been a source of inspiration for artists, musicians, and writers for centuries. They have been incorporated into various forms of creative expression, contributing to cultural richness and diversity. It’s worth noting that the positive effects of bird songs on individuals can vary based on personal preferences and cultural backgrounds. Some people may find bird songs incredibly soothing, while others might not experience the same level of positive impact. However, in general, the connection to nature and the calming qualities of bird songs can provide a valuable contribution to our overall well-being. For more on managing your mental health, listen to my podcast (episode #515). Podcast Highlights 1:00 The mental health benefits of birdsong 1:45 How birdsong can reduce stress & anxiety 4:40 Nature & mental health 6:27 How birdsong can help improve concentration & focus 9:00 How birdsong can help establish a sense of normalcy This podcast and blog are for educational purposes only and are not intended as medical advice. We always encourage each person to make the decision that seems best for their situation with the guidance of a medical professional. References – https://www.washingtonpost.com/wellness/interactive/2023/birds-song-nature-mental-health-benefits/ – https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20841-0 – https://neurosciencenews.com/birdsong-mental-health-21639/ – https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/am-i-right/202307/how-bird-songs-improve-mental-health To read the original article click here.

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Research Shows Link Between Exercise and Better Mental Health

AHA Publisher — Tue, 16 Nov 2021 08:00:49 +0000

Kaiser Permanente via News-Medical – Kaiser Permanente research published on November 11 in Preventive Medicine showed people who exercised more during the initial lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic experienced less anxiety and depression than those who didn’t exercise. It also showed that people who spent more time outdoors typically experienced lower levels of anxiety and depression than those who stayed inside. More than 20,000 people participated in the survey-based study from 6 regions served by Kaiser Permanente across the United States, which included Hawaii, Colorado, Georgia, and the mid-Atlantic states, as well as Southern and Northern California. “What these study findings tell us is that even during an active pandemic or other public health crisis, people should be encouraged to be physically active to help maintain their physical and mental health. Parks and other nature areas should remain open during public health emergencies to encourage outdoor physical activity.” Deborah Rohm Young, PhD, study’s lead author, director, Division of Behavioral Research for the Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research & Evaluation In March 2020, COVID-19 developed into a worldwide pandemic. With no known treatment, public health officials attempted to reduce its spread by limiting human interactions through stay-at-home policies. Businesses temporarily closed or changed their practices to prevent the spread of the virus, affecting the economy and many people’s jobs. These stressful factors, along with fewer opportunities to socialize with friends and family, increased symptoms of depression and anxiety for many people. Since it is known that physical activity and time spent in nature are associated with improved mental health, researchers at Kaiser Permanente in Southern California sought to determine how exercise and time outdoors was associated with people’s mental health during the height of the pandemic. In April 2020, researchers sent a series of COVID-19 surveys to more than 250,000 participants in the Kaiser Permanente Research Bank -; a collection of lifestyle surveys, electronic health record data, and biospecimens, which Kaiser Permanente members volunteered. People who reported COVID-19 symptoms were not included in this analysis, resulting in 20,012 respondents. They each completed at least 4 surveys between April and July 2020. White women older than 50 accounted for a high proportion of the respondents. Most respondents said they were retired and generally adhered to the “safer-at-home” orders during the period of the survey. The study found that: Reports of anxiety and depression decreased over time Anxiety and depression scores were higher for females and younger people, and lower for Asian and Black people compared with white respondents Participants who reported no physical activity reported the highest depression and anxiety compared to people who had exercised Spending less time outdoors was associated with higher depression and anxiety scores People who had increased their time outdoors the most reported the highest anxiety scores, but the research could not explain the finding “What we learned from these findings is that during future emergencies it will be important to carefully weigh the decisions to close parks and outdoor areas against the negative impact those closures may have on people’s mental health,” said Dr. Young. The study was funded by the Kaiser Permanente Research Bank. To read the original article click here.

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10 Ashwagandha Benefits for the Brain, Thyroid and Muscles

AHA Publisher — Thu, 27 Aug 2020 07:00:04 +0000

Dr. Josh Axe, DC, DMN, CNS – Ashwagandha (aka Somnifera dunal) is an adaptogenic herb that’s popular in Ayurvedic medicine. It has been used for more than 2,500 years. It’s actually the most commonly used and extensively researched adaptogen herb. Ashwagandha is valued for its thyroid-modulating, neuroprotective, anti-anxiety, antidepressant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are just some of its many benefits. In India, it is known as the “strength of the stallion” because it traditionally has been used to strengthen the immune system after illness. It’s also been referred to as “Indian ginseng” because of its ability to enhance your stamina and work as a natural stress reliever, and those aren’t the only benefits of ashwagandha. In fact, the herb’s ability to work as a stress-protective agent is what makes it so popular. Like all adaptogenic herbs, it helps the body maintain homeostasis, even in moments of emotional or physical stress. But the many ashwagandha benefits don’t stop there. This powerful herb has shown incredible results for lowering cortisol levels and balancing thyroid hormones. Plus, it’s been used for mood disorders and in the prevention of degenerative diseases, as it appears to help with these conditions as well. What Is Ashwagandha? The ashwagandha plant is botanically known as Withania somnifera root. It is a member of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family. Ashwagandha root is also commonly called Indian ginseng, winter cherry and somnifera root. The root and leaves of the ashwagandha plant are most commonly used for their medicinal properties, and the presence of withanolides, a group of steroidal lactones, contribute to the herb’s health benefits. These withanolides include withaferin A, withanolide D and withanone. The literal meaning of the word ashwagandha is “smell of horse” because the fresh roots of the herb are said to smell like a horse. As the story goes, it’s believed that when you consume it, you may develop the strength and vitality of a horse as well. In Latin, the species name somnifera can be translated as “sleep-inducing.” There have been over 200 studies on ashwagandha benefits, including the herb’s ability to: Improve thyroid function Treat adrenal fatigue Reduce anxiety and depression Reduce stress Increase stamina and endurance Prevent and treat cancer Reduce brain cell degeneration Stabilize blood sugar Lower cholesterol Boost immunity Ashwagandha is an important herb in Ayurvedic medicine because it serves many purposes and benefits many body systems, including the immune, neurological, endocrine and reproductive systems. It’s often used as ashwagandha oil (sometimes called ashwagandha essential oil). The primary goal of Ayurvedic medicine is to help people stay healthy without the need for suffering, prescription drug options or complicated surgeries. As part of this 5,000-year-old system, ashwagandha herb is used as a home remedy to relieve a number of health conditions and help the body remain in balance. Research published in Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy indicates that “Ayurvedic medicinal plants have been the single most productive source of leads for the development of drugs.” Many of the Ayurvedic herbs, like ashwagandha root, have proved to be useful in relieving a number of health concerns. In Ayurvedic medicine, this herb is characterized as a “rasayana.” This means it’s used to promote physical and mental health, defend the body against disease and damaging environmental factors, and slow the aging process. In India, it has been used as a broad-spectrum remedy for centuries, but more recently scientists have found that it possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that play a major role in the many ashwagandha benefits. Benefits and Uses What are some ashwagandha benefits for men and women? There are thyroid, anxiety and weight loss benefits, among others. Here are some of the top uses once you diagnose an issue, with the supporting research indicating the herb’s benefits: 1. Improves Underactive Thyroid Function One of the most incredible aspects of adaptogen herbs is that they help people with thyroid problems. Ashwagandha has been shown to support a sluggish thyroid for people diagnosed with Hashimoto’s disease, or underactive thyroid. For the millions of people who struggle with thyroid problems, many of whom don’t even know it, it may serve as the solution they’ve been waiting for. These ashwagandha health benefits for the thyroid also account for the herb’s benefits for weight loss since thyroid issues can lead to weight fluctuations. In a 2017 pilot study published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, ashwagandha benefits for helping patients with subclinical hypothyroidism were evaluated. The 50 participants were diagnosed with thyroid disorder, but didn’t display obvious symptoms of thyroid deficiency. During an eight-week period, the treatment group received 600 milligrams of ashwagandha root extract daily, and the control group received starch as the placebo. Researchers found that the extract improved serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) levels significantly compared to placebo. It was concluded that the herb may be beneficial for normalizing thyroid levels in patients with hypothyroidism. Another study published in the Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicinealso found that ashwagandha has thyroid-enhancing properties. In the study, patients with bipolar disorder used the herb to improve cognitive function for an eight-week period. Lab testing found that some of these patients experienced T4 increases during the treatment period, although that was not the original purpose of the study. Research suggests that, since ashwagandha increases thyroid function, it may not be suitable for people with hyperactive thyroid, such as those with Graves’ disease. 2. Relieves Adrenal Fatigue Research shows that ashwagandha may be useful in supporting adrenal function and helping overcome adrenal fatigue. Your adrenals are endocrine glands that are responsible for releasing hormones, specifically cortisol and adrenaline, in response to stress. If your adrenals are overtaxed due to an overabundance of emotional, physical or mental stress, this can lead to a condition referred to as adrenal fatigue. When your adrenals become exhausted, this can also disrupt other hormones in your body, including progesterone, which can cause infertility and lower levels of DHEA, a hormone that’s tied to longevity and maintaining a strong body. 3. Combats Stress and Anxiety One of the most well-known ashwagandha benefits is its ability to work as a natural remedy for anxiety. In a 2009 study published in PLOS One, ashwagandha proved to be comparable to common pharmaceutical drugs lorazepam and imipramine, without the adverse effects. In the 12-week controlled study, 75 participants with anxiety were divided into two groups, one that received naturopathic care and another that received standardized psychotherapy intervention. The naturopathic care group received dietary counseling, deep breathing relaxation techniques, a standard multivitamin and 300 milligrams of ashwagandha twice daily. The psychotherapy intervention group received psychotherapy, deep breathing relaxation techniques and placebo pills twice daily. When anxiety levels were measured after the 12-week period, the group that received ashwagandha had anxiety scores that decreased by 55 percent, and the psychotherapy group’s scores decreased by 30.5 percent. Significant differences between the two groups were also found in mental health, concentration, social functioning, vitality, fatigue and overall quality of life, with the ashwagandha group displaying greater clinical benefits. In addition to these positive findings, researchers indicated that no serious adverse effects occurred in either group. A major ashwagandha benefit is that there are no or minimal adverse reactions when taking it. Conversely, antidepressant and anti-anxiety medications may cause drowsiness, insomnia, loss of sexual desire and increased appetite, among other negative effects. 4. Improves Depression Not only does ashwagandha benefit people who deal with anxiety and chronic stress, but it can also be helpful for people who experience signs of depression. The herb improves resistance toward stress, and studies show that it thereby improves people’s self-assessed quality of life. In a 2000 experimental study involving rats, ashwagandha efficacy was compared to the antidepressant medication imipramine. Researchers found that it exhibited antidepressant effects that were comparable to imipramine when rats were exposed to “behavioral despair” and “learned helplessness” tests. It was concluded that ashwagandha can be used as a mood stabilizer in clinical conditions of depression. 5. Balances Blood Sugar Levels Ashwagandha has been evaluated for its anti-diabetic effects, which are possible because of the presence of phenolic compounds, including flavonoids. Research shows that flavonoids possess hypoglycemic activities, and a study involving rodents concluded that both ashwagandha root and leaf extracts helped achieve normal blood sugar levels in diabetic rats. An animal study published in Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biologyfound that when ashwagandha was given to fructose-fed rats, it inhibited the fructose-induced increases in glucose, insulin resistance and inflammation. This data suggests that ashwagandha extract may be helpful in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing inflammatory markers in humans. 6. Helps Fight Cancer Research suggests that ashwagandha has promising anti-tumor effects, can help reduce tumor cell growth and may work to prevent cancer cells from growing. The extract has been shown to help inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells — specifically breast, lung, stomach and colon cancer cells, which are among the leading types of cancers in the world. It’s believed that ashwagandha helps prevent the growth of cancer cells mostly due to its immune-boosting and antioxidant abilities. In addition to the anti-cancer ashwagandha benefits that have been displayed in multiple studies, researchers also suggest that the herb can help reduce the side effects of anti-cancer agents that can reduce immunity and quality of life. According to an overview published in the African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, ashwagandha acts as an immunomodulator that can enhance the life span of cancer patients, who are especially at risk of lowered immunity. An animal study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that supplementing with ashwagandha was correlated with an increase in white blood cells within the body. This indicates that the immune system is better able to protect the body from disease and harmful invaders when using this herb. The decreased count of white blood cells in the body after chemotherapy is a major concern because it puts cancer patients at a much higher risk of health issues, like contracting an infection. This is why this herb may serve as a complementary addition to conventional cancer treatments. 7. Reduces Brain Cell Degeneration and Improves Memory Emotional, physical and chemical stress can have damaging effects to the brain and nervous system. Recent research shows that ashwagandha is more than a stress reliever — it also protects the brain from cell degeneration, which can lead to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. One of the main reasons it is so effective at healing the brain is because it contains powerful antioxidants that destroy the free radicals that cause aging. Withaferin A and withanolide D are the two main withanolides in ashwagandha that are used to improve cognitive function. Withanolides are naturally occurring steroids that are commonly present in plants of the nightshade family. When these steroids were injected into rodents to test their cognitive-improving abilities, researchers showed that they helped promote cell outgrowth, reverse behavioral deficits and plaque buildup, and reduce amyloid beta burden, which is crucially involved in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. A 2017 pilot study published in the Journal of Dietary Supplements suggeststhat ashwagandha effectively enhanced both immediate and general memory in people with mild cognitive impairment. The herb was also able to improve attention, information processing speed and mental skills. The study involved 50 adults who received 300 milligrams of ashwagandha root extract or placebo for an eight-week period. Researchers concluded that ashwagandha treatment was able to boost memory and other cognitive skills. 8. Boosts Immune Function Because ashwagandha works as an adaptogen that can reduce the body’s stress hormones, it can help boost your immune system and reduce inflammation within the body. Animal and laboratory research shows that it can enhance immune function by increasing immunoglobulin production. It is also able to promote an anti-inflammatory environment by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines. By downregulating the immune system when it’s compromised, this adaptogenic herb might be a useful tool in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders. 9. Increases Stamina and Endurance Studies show that ashwagandha can boost endurance during physical activity by sharpening...

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Does CBD Oil Work for Arthritis Pain?

AHA Publisher — Thu, 13 Feb 2020 08:00:51 +0000

Dr. Sanchari Sinha Dutta, Ph.D. via News-Medical Net – CBD, or cannabidiol, is an active compound extracted from the cannabis plant. It is only one of many chemicals extracted from this plant, but is distinctive in that it doesn’t produce psychiatric symptoms or intoxication. What is CBD? Studies in animals suggest that CBD relieves pain and inflammation, but confirmation from animal studies is lacking. However, many people continue to report their experiences of pain and anxiety reduction, and better sleep, with CBD. CBD derived from hemp plants is legal, since these plants contain 0.3% or less of tetrahydrocannabinol, the mind-altering substance for which marijuana is famous. However, it is important to know that CBD from any plant in the cannabis species has the same structure and actions irrespective of its origin, and the sourcing is an issue mainly because of the legal issues surrounding marijuana use in some States in the US, and in many countries of the world. Most CBD is derived from the industrial hemp plant which has higher concentrations of this chemical. The oil is extracted by one of many methods and then added to a carrier oil to form CBD oil. What Does CBD Do to the Body? It is intriguing that each major pain system has first come to light because scientists were looking into natural pain relievers, namely, such as the endorphin system from studying the opium poppy, the endocannabinoid system from the study of cannabis, capsaicin from Chile peppers, and the inflammatory cascade through the study of salicylic acid (the basis of aspirin, the first NSAID) from willow bark. The human body produces chemicals very similar to cannabinoids, called endocannabinoids. These are produced only when required, and act at certain nerve junctions to help the body do the following things: “relax, eat, sleep, forget and protect.” The endocannabinoid system, consisting of the endocannabinoids, their receptors and enzymes which act on them, act in parallel with other major pain systems such as the endorphin and inflammatory system. The endocannabinoid system fires steadily to modulate pain signals. When inactivated in some animal experiments, the result was abnormal pain sensitivity. There are two types of receptor through which CBD operates, CB1 and CB2. Pain signals are inhibited via CB1 activation, and CB2 inhibits inflammation. How Does CBD Relieve Pain in Arthritis? CBD acts via the endocannabinoid system, which is active on receptors found in multiple areas of the brain, and at spinal cord level, to stop the transmission of pain signals. It is 10-times as active as morphine in its effect on certain types of pain nerve cells, and also produces pain relief in response to stress. It produces peripheral pain relief as well by stimulation of CB1 receptors. CBD is chemically very similar to endocannabinoids like anandamide, or arachidonoylethanolamine, and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, that bind to ECS receptors. It increases the levels of anandamide at high doses, producing pain relief. CBD also has powerful antioxidant activity, said to exceed that of vitamin C or vitamin E. It is thus claimed to be the first endocannabinoid modulator to be used in patients to relieve pain. It is also a TNF-α inhibitor, but does not cause gastric irritation or increase the risk of vascular disease like NSAIDs because it does not act on either of the cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) that are inhibited by NSAID action. It also increases adenosine signaling and thus reduces inflammation and produces pain relief. Observed Actions of CBD When topically applied in gel form, CBD reduces inflammation and hypersensitivity in rats with arthritis, being well absorbed with little inactivation by the liver. The absorption is directly proportional to the amount applied, with a potentially lower risk of systemic symptoms and increased local levels of CBD. Joint swelling and other signs of joint inflammation were reduced with this treatment. With oral use, too, there is a significant reduction in pain sensation in rat experiments. There is less inflammation and a lower concentration of inflammatory molecules in and around the joint space, which leads to improvement of symptoms, as well as preventing joint cartilage breakdown over time. During joint inflammation, synovial membrane cells that are responsible for producing lubricating joint fluid and helping with local immunity are activated and begin to secrete inflammatory chemicals including TNF-α, IL1-α and others. These increase the sensitivity of the primary pain receptors in the joints but also recruit other cells to enhance the production of these cytokines, increasing the intensity of inflammation. CBD application appears to desensitize this pain system, called TRPV1, thus stopping further pain and progression. Smoking cannabis is a commonly reported method to ease arthritis pain, and forms the single largest reason cited by patients for medical use of the drug. In the absence of clinical trials, it remains a promising treatment which should be pursued seriously. Using CBD Wisely A 2017 study performed on behalf of the US National Academy of Sciences found that cannabinoids produced a higher chance of pain reduction in patients with chronic pain. They did not differentiate between THC, CBD, and other chemicals in cannabis. Without high-quality clinical studies on CBD in arthritis, however, it is difficult to predict clinical benefit, to recommend dosages for various arthritic conditions, or any formulation. Different formulations begin to act at different intervals, and may contain other ingredients that act via other mechanisms to relieve pain or inflammation. For instance, pain-relieving CBD ointment could contain menthol or capsaicin as well, both of which are also good at reducing mild pain. This makes it hard to decide how much of the observed effect was actually due to CBD from anecdotal reports, as opposed to properly designed trials. Quality Check – Absent One of the biggest issues with the use of CBD is that you don’t know what you’re getting when you buy it. A largely unregulated market has resulted in misleading labels, inadequate or absent quality checks, and undisclosed contaminants or adulteration with THC, pesticides, solvents or metals, as well as wide variation in the strength of CBD. Thus it is safest to check the label to ensure that the company involved follows good manufacturing practices, and gets its products tested by methods compliant with the following: the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia (AHP), the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) or the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC). Dosage – Unknown The dosage of CBD in arthritis is far from clear, for the above reasons. Because CBD has not been evaluated for specific conditions at specific doses, it is not possible to give an evidence-based recommendation regarding safe doses. Because CBD is unregulated, sellers can make many claims about efficacy or offer dosing advise with no scientific evidence to support their claims. Using CBD Properly Some practices are already widely agreed upon among medical professionals with respect to CBD: • First review your purpose with your medical doctor so you can be sure you have tried all other reasonable options. This will also help you to objectively evaluate what benefit you are receiving from the CBD oil, which can come quite dear. CBD oil is provided as a capsule which is swallowed, or as a liquid which is added to food or water. It can also be rubbed directly on the skin over the affected joint. Orally taken CBD is absorbed in a variety of patterns, depending on whether there is food in the stomach, and may begin to act only after a couple of hours. It can also be taken by putting it under the tongue for 1-2 minutes, which speeds up the effect, causing it to begin in 15-45 minutes. • Don’t use CBD instead of a disease-modifying drug used to treat inflammatory arthritis. Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are medications that are intended to not just relieve symptoms of arthritis but change the course of the disease by reducing the number of relapses, and the severity of individual relapses. They include methotrexate, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine and leflunomide, which inhibit an overactive immune system. This category also includes stronger drugs like azathioprine. Biologics form a second category, comprising biologically derived selective inhibitors of certain steps in the inflammation cascade, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. A third category consists of kinase inhibitors. All these are crucial in suppressing inflammation which is responsible for the joint disease. • It is not recommended to inhale CBD oil. Though there are a number of vaping devices that offer CBD cartridges, this route has not been tested, and oil vapors are typically irritating and damaging to lung tissue. This may be expected to be even more so in people with inflammatory arthritis. Moreover, at present a spate of deaths has occurred in people who were vaping and developed acute fatal lung disease. Interactions of CBD with Other Drugs Patients with arthritis are often treated with a variety of drugs such as opioid painkillers, corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, monoclonal antibodies, antidepressant and mood-elevating drugs, and GABA inhibitors. These may have toxic effects if combined with CBD, on which very little research has been done yet. Use of CBD can also increase levels of the medication coumadin (a blood thinner) to dangerously high levels. Thus, it is very important to inform your doctor if you are considering using CBD so that you may review together any possible drug interactions that could put you in danger. Sources Arthritis.org. Arthritis foundation CBD guidance for adults with arthritis. Click here. www.arthritis.org/…/arthritis-foundation-cbd-guidance-for-adults.php Ethan B. Russo. Cannabinoids in the management of difficult to treat pain. Therapeutic and Clinical Risk Management, 2008 Feb; 4(1): 245–259. Click here and here. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2Ftcrm.s1928. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2503660/ D.C. Hammell, L.P. Zhang, et al. Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain-related behaviours in a rat model of arthritis. European Journal of Pain. 2016 Jul; 20(6): 936–948. Click Here and here. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fejp.818. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851925/ R. J. Miller and R. E Miller. Is cannabis an effective treatment for joint pain? Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2017 Sep-Oct;35 Suppl 107(5):59-67. Epub 2017 Sep 28. Click Here.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28967368 Grinspoon P. (2018). Cannabidiol (CBD) — what we know and what we don’t. Click Here. www.health.harvard.edu/…/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476 Evan C. Rosenberg, Richard W. Tsien, Benjamin J. Whalley, and Orrin Devinsk. Cannabinoids and epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics. 2015 Oct; 12(4): 747–768. Click here. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13311-015-0375-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4604191/

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