aid liver function Archives - Amazing Health Advances

Study Shows How Liver Damage from Stress & Aging Might Be Reversible

The AHA! Team — Thu, 18 Jul 2024 08:48:45 +0000

Duke Health – DURHAM, N.C. – While the liver is one of the body’s most resilient organs, it is still vulnerable to the ravages of stress and aging, leading to disease, severe scarring and failure. A Duke Health research team now might have found a way to turn back time and restore the liver. In experiments using mice and liver tissue from humans, the researchers identified how the aging process prompts certain liver cells to die off. They were then able to reverse the process in the animals with an investigational drug. The finding, which appears in the journal Nature Aging, holds high promise for the millions of people who have some degree of liver damage – livers that are essentially old due to the metabolic stresses of high cholesterol, obesity, diabetes or other factors. “Our study demonstrates that aging is at least partially reversible,” said senior author Anna Mae Diehl, M.D., the Florence McAlister Distinguished Professor of Medicine at the Duke University School of Medicine. “You are never too old to get better.” Diehl and colleagues set out to understand how non-alcoholic liver disease develops into a severe condition called cirrhosis, in which scarring can lead to organ failure. Aging is a key risk factor for cirrhosis among those who have been diagnosed with non-alcoholic liver disease, known as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, or MASLD. One in three adults worldwide have the disease. Studying the livers of mice, the researchers identified a genetic signature distinct to old livers. Compared to young livers, the old organs had an abundance of genes that were activated to cause degeneration of hepatocytes, the main functioning cells of the liver. “We found that aging promotes a type of programmed cell death in hepatocytes called ferroptosis, which is dependent on iron,” Diehl said. “Metabolic stressors amplify this death program, increasing liver damage.” Armed with their genetic signature of old livers, the researchers analyzed human liver tissue and found that the livers of people diagnosed with obesity and MASLD carried the signature, and the worse their disease, the stronger the signal. Importantly, key genes in the livers of people with MASLD were highly activated to promote cell death through ferroptosis. This gave the researchers a definitive target. “There are things we can use to block that,” Diehl said. Again turning to mice, the researchers fed young and old mice diets that caused them to develop MASLD. They then gave half the animals a placebo drug and the other half a drug called Ferrostatin-1, which inhibits the cell death pathway. Upon analysis after treatment, the livers of the animals given Ferrostatin-1 looked biologically like young, healthy livers — even in the old animals that were kept on the disease-inducing diet. “This is hopeful for all of us,” Diehl said. “It’s like we had old mice eating hamburgers and fries, and we made their livers like those of young teenagers eating hamburgers and fries.” Diehl said the team also looked at how the ferroptosis process in the liver impacts the function of other organs, which are often damaged as MASLD progresses. The genetic signature was able to differentiate between diseased and healthy hearts, kidneys and pancreases, indicating that damaged livers amplify ferroptotic stress in other tissues. “Together, we’ve shown that aging exacerbates non-alcoholic liver disease by creating ferroptic stress, and by reducing this impact, we can reverse the damage,” Diehl said. In addition to Diehl, study authors include Kuo Du, Liuyang Wang, Ji Hye Jun, Rajesh K. Dutta, Raquel Maeso-Díaz, Seh Hoon Oh and Dennis C. Ko. The study received funding support from the 021 AASLD Pinnacle Award, the National Institutes of Health (R01 AA010154, R01 DK077794, R56 DK134334); and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. To read the original article click here.

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Scientists Uncover Cell Responsible for Repairing Liver Tissue

The AHA! Team — Mon, 06 May 2024 18:05:40 +0000

University College London via News-Medical – A type of cell responsible for repairing damaged liver tissue has been uncovered for the first time by a team of scientists, including Professor Rajiv Jalan (UCL Liver & Digestive Health). The study, published in Nature, showed how these new-found cells migrate to the site of damage, providing new insights into the way the liver heals itself. The authors say the findings could spur the development of new therapies that harness the liver’s unique capacity to regenerate. During acute liver failure, the organ’s ability to repair and regenerate is often overwhelmed, with patients requiring an emergency liver transplant to regain liver function. Scientists from the University of Edinburgh studied human liver tissue from patients with acute liver failure for signs of cell proliferation and regeneration following the rapid loss of liver function. They found that a significant proportion of cells retained the ability to multiply. There were, however, still substantial areas of damage in the patients’ livers, suggesting that processes other than cell proliferation are critical during regeneration. The research team profiled the genes within every liver cell in both healthy and regenerating human liver tissue to better understand the regeneration process, using a technique called single-cell RNA sequencing. The findings uncovered a previously undetected population of wound-healing liver cells that emerge during human liver regeneration to aid recovery. Working with University of Glasgow scientists at the Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, the team used special imaging techniques in mice to view the wound-healing cells in action. Researchers from the UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health and the Royal Free Hospital then provided important clinical validation of the novel mechanism of liver repair in humans. “We investigated whether the ‘liver repair’ mechanisms that the team from Edinburgh and Glasgow discovered in animal models also occurred in humans, and found that the mechanisms were present in patients with severe acute indeterminate hepatitis. This provides evidence that the observations made in the study are likely to be clinically relevant for the treatment of liver diseases in humans.” -Professor Rajiv Jalan, UCL Liver & Digestive Health During liver regeneration, so-called leader cells appear at the edge of the healthy tissue, dragging the tissue together to close the wound – similarly to how skin heals after a cut. Imaging also revealed that the population of healing liver cells appears before cell proliferation begins. Widespread infection is a major concern following acute liver failure. Bacteria from the gut can escape into the liver when the liver is damaged. This can lead to sepsis if the liver is unable to clear the infection. The liver may prioritise the healing of wounds before cell proliferation to restore the gut-liver barrier and prevent the spread of bacteria, experts say. Professor Neil Henderson, principal investigator of the study from the University of Edinburgh’s Centre for Inflammation Research, said: “Cutting-edge technologies have allowed us to study human liver regeneration in high definition for the first time, facilitating the identification of a cell type that is critical for liver repair. “We hope that our findings will accelerate the discovery of much-needed new treatments for patients with liver disease.” The research team also included scientists from the Universities of Birmingham, Cambridge and Texas, and the United States Acute Liver Failure Study Group network. This work was funded by Wellcome. Journal reference: Matchett, K. P., et al. (2024). Multimodal decoding of human liver regeneration. Nature. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07376-2. To read the original article click here.

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What Is Betaine? Benefits, Signs of Deficiency and Food Sources

AHA Publisher — Wed, 16 Sep 2020 07:00:51 +0000

Jillian Levy, CHHC via Dr. Axe – Betaine (BET) is an amino acid that has been shown to have potential benefits for fighting heart disease, improving body composition, and helping promote muscle gain and fat loss. This is thought mostly to be due to its ability to promote protein synthesis in the body. Never heard of betaine before? Also known as trimethylglycine, it is becoming more popular in supplements recently but is actually not a newly discovered nutrient. While it’s been studied for its positive impacts on preventing heart disease for quite some time, only recently has betaine been included more often in exercise-focused and energy supplements, protein powders and other products geared at improving exercise performance and body composition. What Is Betaine? Betaine is a trimethylglycine and derivative of the nutrient choline. In other words, choline is a “precursor” to betaine and must be present for betaine to be synthesized in the body. It’s created by choline in combination with the amino acid glycine. Just like some B vitamins, including folate and vitamin B12, betaine is considered to be a “methyl donor.” This means it aids in liver function, detoxification and cellular functioning within the body. Its most crucial role is to help the body process fats. What is betaine used for in supplement form? Probably the most extensively researched benefit of betaine is supporting conversion of the amino acid homocysteine in the blood to methionine. Although amino acids are critical compounds needed for many body functions, studies show that high levels of homocysteine can be harmful to blood vessels, potentially leading to the development of plaque buildup and the condition called atherosclerosis (clogged arteries). Health Benefits 1. Supports Heart Health Betaine is best known for helping reduce plasma homocysteine levels, which is directly related to lowering the risk for heart disease. A high homocysteine concentration is a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but studies suggest that this condition can be reduced through regular betaine supplementation. High plasma levels of homocysteine greater than 15 μmol/L are present in an estimated 5 percent of the adult population and in as many as 50 percent of those with cardiovascular disease and stroke. According to a 2013 study, “supplementation with at least 4 grams/day of betaine for a minimum of 6 weeks can lower plasma homocysteine.” By helping fight hardening and blocking of arteries due to elevated homocysteine, betaine may be beneficial in reducing the risk for heart attacks, stroke, and other forms of cardiac arrest and heart disease. 2. Has Anti-Inflammatory Effects New research indicates that betaine has anti-inflammatory functions, offering protection against numerous diseases — including obesity, diabetes, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Its protective effects are in part due to its role in sulfur amino acid metabolism, which defends against oxidative stress, inhibits inflammatory responses, regulates energy metabolism and mitigates apoptosis. 3. May Help Improve Muscle Mass Though research from clinical trials is mixed and somewhat limited in humans, ongoing betaine supplementation has been shown to reduce fat (adipose) mass and increase muscle mass in animal studies and selective human studies. To date, several studies have been done to research whether betaine benefits exist for building strength and muscle mass. Different studies have showed varying results. A 2010 study reported increased muscle power output and muscle force production after betaine supplementation. Another 2009 study found that two weeks of betaine supplementation in active college males appeared to improve muscle endurance during squat exercises and increased the quality of repetitions that could be performed. A 2013 study revealed that six weeks of betaine supplementation improved body composition, arm size and bench press work capacity; attenuated the rise in urinary homocysteine thiolactone; and tended to improve power but not strength. To draw a conclusion, in 2013, a study was done by the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Participants were tested to see whether six weeks of betaine supplementation would have impacts on body composition, strength, endurance and fat loss. After six weeks of betaine supplementation, participants showed improved body composition, gains in the size of arm muscles, and higher capacity to do bench press weightlifting and squat exercises. On the other hand, a 2017 systematic review found that among seven studies, only two reported increases in strength or power after supplementation with BET. The remaining five studies showed no change in any strength or power outcome measures with supplementation. 4. May Help with Fat Loss According to certain studies, betaine supplementation may be beneficial in altering how the body processes and partitions nutrients, resulting in quicker fat burning abilities and fat loss, without breaking down muscle tissue or losing muscle mass. A 2018 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial found evidence that betaine supplementation may enhance reductions in fat mass among female college athletes. The study found that 2.5 grams of supplementary betaine per day with nine weeks exercise training in 11 young women decreased body fat more than a placebo. A separate 2019 systematic review that included six studies with 195 participants concluded that: Betaine supplementation significantly reduced the total body fat mass and body fat percentage. No changes were observed regarding body weight and body mass index. The results suggested that dietary betaine supplementation might be an effective approach for reducing body fat. The review also pointed out that favorable effects of betaine on reducing body fat have been shown in studies using animals, such as rodents, pigs and fowls. 5. Helps with Liver Function and Detoxification Another positive effect of betaine seems to be supporting liver health by assisting in detoxification and the process of the liver digesting fats (lipids). Fat can accumulate to dangerous levels in the liver from certain conditions — such as alcohol abuse, obesity, diabetes and other causes — but betaine is able to assist in liver-cleansing functions of breaking down and removing fats. Betaine also seems to help the liver to dispose of toxins and chemicals, preventing against damage to the digestive tract and other bodily damage that can result from toxin exposure. It has also been found to protect the liver against hepatotoxins, such as ethanol and carbon tetrachloride, which are toxic chemical substances that can enter the body through some medications, drugs and pesticides. 6. Can Aid in Digestion Betaine is sometimes used to create betaine hydrochloride (HCl) supplements. Betaine HCI is thought to increase the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which is the acid that must be present in order to break down foods and use nutrients. In certain groups of people who have low stomach acid, they can experience a range of digestive problems that betaine may be able to help relieve. Certain people find it beneficial to take betaine HCl extract prior to meals to help enable the stomach to dissolve and process foods. Positive results have been found in people who suffer from indigestion due to medications or other digestive problems. Taking betaine HCl before meals may be able to help promote a healthy digestive response and gut health. This is also important because the immune system heavily relies on the health of the gut flora to boost immunity. 7. Helps Relieve Aches and Pains Studies have shown that betaine may positively benefit those with muscle aches and pains. In one study conducted on horses, levels of lactate acid (associated with muscular fatigue) were lower after exercise when horses received betaine supplementation. This may be beneficial for people when performing rigorous exercise or for those who suffer from painful symptoms related to muscle and joint tissue damage. 8. Helps Repair Bodily Damage from Alcoholism Betaine is used to treat alcoholic liver damage that results in the accumulation of fat in the liver. It has lipotropic (fat-reducing) effects, so it has been shown to produce significant improvements in treating fatty liver disease by helping the liver process and remove fats. 9. Can Support Skin Health What is betaine in skin care products beneficial for? It’s thought to have certain anti-aging effects, such as helping prevent wrinkles. It can also keep skin moisturized by acting as a natural hydrator due to the way it keeps moisture locked into the skin. This means it helps protect skin’s texture, while potentially soothing irritated and dry skin. Signs of Deficiency A betaine deficiency is not thought to be common in Western nations, mostly because dietary intake is adequate. One reason is because betaine is present in high amounts in wheat products, which are a staple in most people’s diets. What happens when you skip out on betaine-rich foods? Although it’s not directly due to low betaine intake, low dietary intake may contribute to high homocysteine in the blood. High homocysteine levels in the blood may be elevated for many reasons, including environmental factors, diet and genetics. The biggest threat to consuming low betaine levels is experiencing symptoms related to high homocysteine in the blood. This is seen most often in either older populations above 50, those who have suffered from alcoholism or in children who have genetic conditions that lead to high homocysteine. Although this condition is rare, severely elevated levels of homocysteine can cause developmental issues, osteoporosis (thin bones), visual abnormalities, formation of blood clots, and narrowing and hardening of blood vessels. Top Food Sources Which foods contain betaine? Here are 12 of the best food sources of betaine: Wheat Bran — 1/4 cup uncooked (about 15 grams): 200 mg Quinoa — About 1 cup cooked or 1/4 cup uncooked: 178 mg Beets — 1 cup raw: 175 mg Spinach — 1 cup cooked: 160 mg Amaranth Grain — About 1 cup cooked or 1/2 cup uncooked : 130 mg Rye Grain — About 1 cup cooked or 1/2 cup uncooked: 123 mg Kamut Wheat Grain — About 1 cup cooked or 1/2 cup uncooked: 105 mg Bulgar Grain — About 1 cup cooked or 1/2 cup uncooked: 76 mg Sweet Potato — 1 medium potato: 39 mg Turkey Breast — 1 breast cooked: 30 mg Veal — 3 ounces: 29 mg Beef — 3 ounces cooked: 28 mg According to reports, wheat bran/wheat germ is the single highest source of naturally occurring betaine. Therefore, in the average American’s diet, baked products that contain wheat germ — including foods like breads, crackers, cookies and flour tortillas — are thought to be major contributors to betaine intake. These are not necessarily the healthiest sources, but because these types of processed products are unfortunately eaten in high quantities in the U.S. diet, they are usually how people obtain enough this nutrient on a daily basis. Alcoholic beverages, such as wine and beer, also contain low to moderate levels, so their high consumption rates make them another key contributor in the American diet. However, keep in mind that there are definitely healthier alternatives to getting the levels of betaine that you need. Try making some of these recipes below, which include betaine-rich foods like spinach, beets, quinoa and turkey. For breakfast: Baked Eggs with Spinach, Crustless Spinach Quiche or Quinoa Banana Oat Pancakes For lunch: Beet and Goat Cheese Salad For dinner: 47 Turkey Recipes For any time of day: Baked Quinoa with Apples or Beet Juice Dosage and Supplements There’s not an established daily recommended amount of betaine at this time for adults. Recommended doses vary depending on the conditions being treated, and more research is still being conducted to establish a set recommendation for the general public. Betaine is generally considered safe at a daily intake of nine to 15 grams for adults. For people with alcohol-induced fatty liver disease, the recommended amount of betaine supplementation is normally between 1,000 to 2,000 milligrams, taken three times daily. This is a high dose and more than normally would be taken, but it is needed to repair liver damage in certain cases, like with recovering alcoholics. Lower doses are usually used for nutritional support in people who have healthy livers and no history of heart disease. To help with digestion, there are many supplements (in the form of betaine HCl) available on the market that range in recommended doses between 650–2,500 milligrams. People who are looking for help with exercise performance, improving body composition, or relieving body...

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